Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy - CAM 20104
Description:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing 100% oxygen at pressures between 1.5 and 3.0 atmospheres. It is generally applied systemically with the patient inside a hyperbaric chamber. HBOT can also be applied topically; i.e., the body part to be treated is isolated (e.g., in an inflatable bag and exposed to pure oxygen). HBOT has been investigated for various conditions that have potential to respond to increased oxygen delivery to the tissues.
For individuals who have wounds, burns or infections who receive topical HBOT, the evidence includes case series and 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT). Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. The single small RCT (N = 28) and uncontrolled studies do not provide sufficient data that topical HBOT is efficacious. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have chronic diabetic ulcers who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and change in disease status. Meta-analyses of RCTs found significantly higher diabetic ulcer healing rates with HBOT than with control conditions. One meta-analysis, but not the other, found that HBOT was associated with a significantly lower rate of major amputation. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.
For individuals who have carbon monoxide poisoning who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival and symptoms. A meta-analysis of available RCT data in a Cochrane review did not find that HBOT is associated with a significantly lower risk of neurologic deficits after carbon monoxide poisoning. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
Clinical input obtained in 2010 and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society guidelines both support HBOT for the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Thus, based on clinical input and guideline support, this indication may be considered medically necessary.
For individuals who have radionecrosis, osteoradionecrosis or treatment of irradiated jaw who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and change in disease status. A Cochrane review of RCTs found evidence that HBOT improved radionecrosis and osteoradionecrosis outcomes and resulted in better outcomes prior to tooth extraction in an irradiated jaw. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.
For individuals who have chronic refractory osteomyelitis who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes case series. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and change in disease status. The case series tended to find high rates of successful outcomes in patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis treated with HBOT. However, controlled studies are needed to determine conclusively the impact of HBOT on health outcomes compared with other interventions. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
Clinical input obtained in 2010 and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society guidelines both support HBOT for the treatment of chronic refractory osteomyelitis. Thus, based on clinical input and guideline support, this indication may be considered medically necessary.
For individuals who have acute thermal burns who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms and change in disease status. Only 2 RCTs were identified and both were judged to have poor methodologic quality. Evidence from well-conducted controlled trials is needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have acute surgical and traumatic wounds who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs, controlled nonrandomized studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. Four RCTs were identified. There was considerable heterogeneity across trials (e.g., patient population, comparison group, outcomes). This heterogeneity prevented pooling of study findings and limits the ability to draw conclusions about the impact of HBOT on health outcomes for patients with acute surgical and traumatic wounds. Additional evidence from high-quality RCTs is needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and change in disease status. The RCT was unblinded and did not find a significant benefit of HBOT for most health outcomes compared with standard care. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have necrotizing soft tissue infections who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes systematic reviews and a retrospective cohort study. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms and change in disease status. A Cochrane review did not identify any RCTs. Another systematic review identified a retrospective cohort study, which did not find better outcomes after HBOT than after standard care without HBOT in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have acute coronary syndrome who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review identified 6 RCTs. There were 2 pooled analyses, with mixed findings. The analyses found significantly lower rates of death with HBOT but not a significant improvement in left ventricular function. Additional RCT data are needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have acute ischemic stroke who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. Cochrane reviewers could only pool data for 1 outcome (mortality at 3-6 months) and for that outcome there was no significant difference between active and sham HBOT treatments. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have motor dysfunction associated with stroke who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. The RCT, which used a crossover design, found better outcomes with HBOT at 2 months than with delayed treatment. However, the trial had a number of methodologic limitations (e.g., lack of patient blinding, heterogeneous population, high dropout rate) that make it difficult to draw conclusions about the efficacy of HBOT. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have Bell's palsy who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review did not identify any RCTs meeting selection criteria; the single RCT found did not have a blinded outcome assessment. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have traumatic brain injury who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. RCTs were heterogenous in terms of intervention protocols, patient populations and outcomes reported. Systematic reviews conducted pooled analyses only on a minority of the published RCTs and these findings were mixed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have inflammatory bowel disease who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs, observational studies and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. Only 1 small RCT has been published, and this study did not find a significant improvement in health outcomes when HBOT was added to standard medical therapy. A systematic review of RCTs and observational studies found a high rate of bias in the literature, e.g., attrition and reporting bias. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review of RCTs had mixed findings. Some outcomes (i.e., improvement in hearing of all frequencies, > 25% return of hearing) were better with HBOT than with a control intervention, but more than 50% return of hearing did not differ significantly between groups. The RCTs had methodologic limitations. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have delayed-onset muscle soreness who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review of RCTs found worse short-term pain outcomes with HBOT than with a control condition and no difference in longer term pain or other outcomes (e.g., swelling). The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have autism spectrum disorder who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review identified 1 RCT on HBOT for autism spectrum disorder and this trial did not find did not find significantly better outcomes with HBOT than with sham. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have cerebral palsy who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 2 RCTs. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. One RCT was stopped early due to futility and the other did not find significantly better outcomes with HBOT than with a sham intervention. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have vascular dementia who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. The Cochrane review identified only 1 RCT with methodologic limitations. Well-conducted controlled trials are needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have radiotherapy adverse effects who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. A systematic review concluded that more RCTs are needed. The 2 RCTs identified had mixed findings. One found no short-term benefit with HBOT, but some benefits 12 months after radiotherapy; the other RCT did not find a significant benefit of HBOT 12 months after radiotherapy. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have idiopathic femoral neck necrosis who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. The RCT had a small sample and only reported short-term (i.e., 6-week) outcomes. Larger, well-conducted RCTs reporting longer term outcomes are needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have migraine who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. The Cochrane review conducted only 1 pooled analysis, and that outcome was reported in the immediate post-treatment period. Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs found significantly greater relief of migraine symptoms with HBOT than a comparator intervention within 45 minutes of treatment. Longer term data are needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have herpes zoster who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and change in disease status. The RCT was unblinded and only reported short-term (i.e., 6-week) outcomes. Additional well-conducted RCTs with longer follow-up are needed. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have fibromyalgia who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status and functional outcomes. There were only 2 RCTs, and they had relatively small samples and methodologic limitations (e.g., quasi-randomization, no or uncertain sham control for a condition with subjective outcomes susceptible to a placebo effect). Moreover, the HBOT protocols varied. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have multiple sclerosis who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes RCTs and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are symptoms and functional outcomes. A Cochrane review of RCTs did not find a significant difference in outcomes when patients with multiple sclerosis were treated with HBOT versus a comparator intervention. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have cancer and are undergoing chemotherapy who receive systemic HBOT, the evidence includes 1 RCT and a systematic review. Relevant outcomes are overall survival and change in disease status. The single RCT did not find a significant difference in survival for cancer patients who received HBOT prior to chemotherapy compared with usual care. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
Background
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a technique for delivering higher pressures of oxygen to tissue. Two methods of administration are available: systemic and topical.
Systemic HBOT
In systemic or large hyperbaric oxygen chambers, the patient is entirely enclosed in a pressure chamber and breathes oxygen at a pressure greater than 1 atmosphere (the pressure of oxygen at sea level). Thus, this technique relies on systemic circulation to deliver highly oxygenated blood to the target site, typically a wound. Systemic HBOT can be used to treat systemic illness, such as air or gas embolism, carbon monoxide poisoning, or clostridial gas gangrene. Treatment may be carried out either in a monoplace chamber pressurized with pure oxygen or in a larger, multiplace chamber pressurized with compressed air, in which case the patient receives pure oxygen by mask, head tent, or endotracheal tube.
Topical HBOT
Topical hyperbaric therapy is a technique of delivering 100% oxygen directly to an open, moist wound at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. It is hypothesized that the high concentrations of oxygen diffuse directly into the wound to increase the local cellular oxygen tension, which in turn promotes wound healing. Devices consist of an appliance to enclose the wound area (frequently an extremity) and a source of oxygen; conventional oxygen tanks may be used. The appliances may be disposable and may be used without supervision in the home by well-trained patients. Topical hyperbaric therapy has been investigated as a treatment of skin ulcerations resulting from diabetes, venous stasis, postsurgical infection, gangrenous lesion, decubitus ulcers, amputations, skin graft, burns, or frostbite.
Adverse Events
HBOT is a generally safe therapy, with an estimated adverse side effect rate of 0.4%.1 Adverse events may occur either from pressure effects or the oxygen. The pressure effect (barotrauma) may affect any closed air-filled cavity such as ears, sinus, teeth, and lungs. Pain and/or swelling may occur at these sites as pressure increases during the procedure, and decreases as the procedure is ending. Oxygen toxicity may affect the pulmonary, neurologic, or ophthalmologic systems. Pulmonary symptoms include a mild cough, substernal burning, and dyspnea. Neurologic effects include tunnel vision, tinnitus, nausea, and dizziness. Ophthalmologic effects include retinopathy in neonates, cataract formation, and transient myopic vision changes.
Note that this evidence review does not address topical oxygen therapy in the absence of pressurization.
Regulatory Status
Since 1979, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared multiple topical and systemic hyperbaric oxygen administration devices through the 510(k) pathway. In 2013, the FDA published a statement warning that non-FDA approved uses of HBOT may endanger the health of patients.2 If patients mistakenly believe that HBOT devices have been proven safe for uses not cleared by the FDA, they may delay or forgo proven medical therapies.
Policy:
Topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered INVESTIGATIONAL.
Systemic hyperbaric oxygen pressurization may be considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the treatment of these conditions:
- Non-healing diabetic wounds of the lower extremities in patients who meet all three of these criteria:
- Patient has Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes and has a lower extremity wound that is due to diabetes
- Patient has a wound classified as Wagner grade 3 or higher (see Policy Guidelines)
- Patient has no measurable signs of healing after 30 days of an adequate course of standard wound therapy
- Acute traumatic ischemia, e.g., crush injuries, reperfusion injury, compartment syndrome
- Compromised skin grafts or flaps
- Decompression sickness
- Gas embolism, acute
- Cyanide poisoning, acute
- Acute carbon monoxide poisoning
- Soft-tissue radiation necrosis (e.g., radiation enteritis, cystitis, proctitis) and osteoradionecrosis
- Pre- and post-treatment for patients undergoing dental surgery (non-implant-related) of an irradiated jaw
- Gas gangrene (i.e., clostridial myonecrosis)
- Profound anemia with exceptional blood loss: only when blood transfusion is impossible or must be delayed
- Chronic refractory osteomyelitis
- Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) — SSHL greater than 30 dB affecting greater than 3 consecutive frequencies of pure-tone thresholds when member has failed oral and intra-tympanic steroids, and HBOT is initiated within 3 months after onset
Systemic Hyperbaric oxygen pressurization is considered INVESTIGATIONAL in the treatment of these conditions:
- acute osteomyelitis
- bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
- necrotizing soft tissue infections;
- acute thermal burns;
- acute surgical and traumatic wounds;
- chronic wounds, other than those in patients with diabetes who meet the criteria specified in the medically necessary statement;
- spinal cord injury;
- traumatic brain injury;
- inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis)
- brown recluse spider bites;
- bone grafts;
- carbon tetrachloride poisoning, acute;
- cerebrovascular disease, acute (thrombotic or embolic) or chronic;
- fracture healing;
- hydrogen sulfide poisoning;
- intra-abdominal and intracranial abscesses;
- lepromatous leprosy;
- meningitis;
- pseudomembranous colitis (antimicrobial agent-induced colitis);
- radiation myelitis;
- sickle cell crisis and/or hematuria;
- demyelinating diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
- retinal artery insufficiency, acute;
- retinopathy, adjunct to scleral buckling procedures in patients with sickle cell peripheral retinopathy and retinal detachment;
- pyoderma gangrenosum;
- acute arterial peripheral insufficiency;
- acute coronary syndromes and as an adjunct to coronary interventions, including but not limited to, percutaneous coronary interventions and cardiopulmonary bypass;
- idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) that does not meet the criteria for medical necessity listed above;
- refractory mycoses: mucormycosis, actinomycosis, conidiobolus coronato;
- cerebral edema, acute;
- migraine;
- in vitro fertilization;
- cerebral palsy;
- tumor sensitization for cancer treatments, including but not limited to, radiotherapy or chemotherapy;
- delayed onset muscle soreness;
- idiopathic femoral neck necrosis;
- chronic arm lymphedema following radiotherapy for cancer;
- radiation-induced injury in the head and neck;
- early treatment (beginning at completion of radiation therapy) to reduce adverse effects of radiation therapy;
- autism spectrum disorders;
- Bell’s palsy;
- acute ischemic stroke;
- motor dysfunction associated with stroke;
- herpes zoster
- vascular dementia
- fibromyalgia; and
- mental illness (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder, gneralized anxiety disorder or depression)
Policy Guidelines
TOPICAL HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
HCPCS code A4575 is used to describe a disposable topical hyperbaric oxygen appliance that creates a “chamber” around the wound area which is pressurized with “hyperbaric oxygen.” Conventional oxygen tanks, typically gas, are used to supply the oxygen. An example of such a device is the AOTI Hyper-Box™.
This policy addresses topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) but not topical oxygen wound care.
Topical HBOT may be performed in the office, clinic, or may be self-administered by the patient in the home. Typically, the therapy is offered for 90 minutes per day for 4 consecutive days. After a 3-day break, the cycle is repeated. The regimen may last for 8 to 10 weeks.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen
The Wagner classification system categorizes wounds as follows: grade 0, no open lesion; grade 1, superficial ulcer without penetration to deeper layers; grade 2, ulcer penetrates to tendon, bone, or joint; grade 3, lesion has penetrated deeper than grade 2, and there is abscess, osteomyelitis, pyarthrosis, plantar space abscess, or infection of the tendon and tendon sheaths; grade 4, wet or dry gangrene in the toes or forefoot; grade 5, gangrene involves the whole foot or such a percentage that no local procedures are possible and amputation (at least at the below the knee level) is indicated.
Following are recommended indications from the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society’s (UHMS) 2019 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Committee report on utilization of HBOT (14th edition):
- Air or gas embolism
- Carbon monoxide poisoning and carbon monoxide complicated by cyanide poisoning
- Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
- Crush injury, compartment syndrome, and other acute traumatic ischemias
- Decompression sickness
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Diabetic foot ulcer
- Healing of other problem wounds
- Severe anemia
- Intracranial abscess
- Necrotizing soft tissue infections
- Refractory osteomyelitis
- Delayed radiation injury (soft tissue and bony necrosis)
- Compromised grafts and flaps
- Acute thermal burn injury
- Sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Coding
See the Codes table for details.
Rationale
Evidence reviews assess the clinical evidence to determine whether the use of technology improves the net health outcome. Broadly defined, health outcomes are length of life, quality of life (QOL), and ability to function - including benefits and harms. Every clinical condition has specific outcomes that are important to patients and managing the course of that condition. Validated outcome measures are necessary to ascertain whether a condition improves or worsens; and whether the magnitude of that change is clinically significant. The net health outcome is a balance of benefits and harms.
To assess whether the evidence is sufficient to draw conclusions about the net health outcome of technology, 2 domains are examined: the relevance, and quality and credibility. To be relevant, studies must represent one or more intended clinical use of the technology in the intended population and compare an effective and appropriate alternative at a comparable intensity. For some conditions, the alternative will be supportive care or surveillance. The quality and credibility of the evidence depend on study design and conduct, minimizing bias and confounding that can generate incorrect findings. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is preferred to assess efficacy; however, in some circumstances, nonrandomized studies may be adequate. RCTs are rarely large enough or long enough to capture less common adverse events and long-term effects. Other types of studies can be used for these purposes and to assess generalizability to broader clinical populations and settings of clinical practice.
Promotion of greater diversity and inclusion in clinical research of historically marginalized groups (e.g., people of color [African American, Asian, Black, Latino and Native American]; LGBTQIA [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual]; women; and people with disabilities [physical and invisible]) allows policy populations to be more reflective of and findings more applicable to our diverse members. While we also strive to use inclusive language related to these groups in our policies, use of gender-specific nouns (e.g., women, men, sisters, etc.) will continue when reflective of language used in publications describing study populations.
Evidence for a majority of the indications consists of Cochrane systematic reviews, which focus on summarizing RCTs, and when possible, conducting pooled analyses of results.
Topical Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Wounds, Burns, or Infections
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with wounds, burns, or infections.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with wounds, burns, or infections. Subpopulations with chronic diabetic ulcers, acute thermal burns, and necrotizing soft tissue infections who are treated with systemic HBOT are addressed separately later in this evidence review.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is topical HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include dressings, debridement, and medication. Medications prescribed may include topical antibiotics and antiseptics. Pain and anxiety management medication may also be used. Topical HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are overall survival (OS), symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. Based on the site and severity of the wound, burn, or infection, patients may require prolonged physical and occupational support to evaluate symptoms. Additionally, the existing evidence on the use of topical HBOT involves studies that treat patients for 12 weeks, but information on follow-up was limited. Therefore, follow-up should be determined based on the site and severity of the wound, burn, or infection and can range from months to a year after starting treatment.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
de Smet et al. (2017) conducted a systematic review of various oxygen therapies (oxygen dressing therapy, topical oxygen therapy, HBOT, inspired oxygen therapy).3 Three RCTs evaluating topical oxygen therapy for chronic wound healing were identified (see Table 1). One RCT (n = 100) administered treatment for 20 minutes 3 times per day for 12 days to the treatment group and standard care to the control group. The number of patients experiencing complete wound healing, defined as complete epithelialization of the wound without drainage, was 16 in the experimental group and 1 in the control group (p < .001). Two of the RCTs, which had overlapping populations with refractory venous ulcers (n = 83 in one and n = 132 in the other) administered treatment for 180 minutes 2 times per day for 12 weeks to the treatment group and conventional compression dressing to the control group. In all trials, patients in the treatment group experienced significantly higher proportions of healed ulcers and significantly faster healing times.
Table 1. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing Topical Hyperbaric Oxygen for Wounds
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N (Range) | Design | Results |
| de Smet et al. (2017)3 | Feb 2016 | 3 | Stage II-IV sacral or ischial pressure ulcers (1 RCT) Refractory venous ulcers (2 RCTs) | 315a (83 – 132) | RCT |
|
RCT: randomized controlled trial.
a Two of the trials had overlapping populations, so there were not 315 unique patients
Section Summary: Topical Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Wounds, Burns, or Infections
A systematic review identified 3 RCTs on the use of topical HBOT for chronic wound healing. The results showed topical oxygen therapy improved wound healing, but there was heterogeneity in the trial populations and treatment regimens. There is a small RCT on topical HBOT for diabetic foot ulcers; it showed no differences in outcomes between the treatment and control group. No controlled studies on topical HBOT for patients with burns or infections were identified. The data are insufficient to draw conclusions about the effect on the net health outcome.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Diabetic Ulcers
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with chronic diabetic ulcers.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with chronic diabetic ulcers.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include standard wound care and advanced wound therapy. Standard wound care can include offloading of the wound with appropriate therapeutics, dressings, debridement antibiotic therapy, and blood glucose control. Advanced wound therapy can include the application of recombinant growth factors and wound coverage with various dressings. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for chronic diabetic ulcers has varying lengths of follow-up, ranging from none to 22 months. While studies included in the systematic reviews described below all reported at least 1 outcome of interest, longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Sharma et al. (2021)4 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies (N = 768) comparing the effect of HBOT with standard care on diabetic foot ulcers (Table 2). Study authors noted that various modalities can be considered standard care including, but not limited to, debridement, antibiotics and blood sugar control. However, the specific standard care modality in each included study was not reported. HBOT duration ranged from 45 to 120 minutes (median, 90 minutes). All included studies had methodological limitations, including selection, performance, detection, attrition and reporting bias. The review found those treated with standard care were less likely to have complete ulcer healing versus HBOT, based on pooled analysis of 11 studies (odds ratio [OR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.61; I2 = 62%). Results were consistent when stratified according to duration of follow up of less than 1 year (7 studies; OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.39 to 1.02; I2 = 1%) and at 1 year (4 studies; OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.82; I2 = 83%), although the risk estimate wasn't statistically significant for studies with less than one year follow up. A funnel plot analysis for this outcome was asymmetrical, suggesting publication bias. Risk of major amputation was also significantly lower with HBOT compared to standard care based on pooled analysis of 7 studies (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.92; I2 = 24%). There were no clear differences between groups in minor amputation (9 studies; OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.12) or mortality (3 studies; OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.25 to 1.24). Standard care was associated with an increased risk of adverse events compared with HBOT (7 studies; OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.65).
A Cochrane review of RCTs on HBOT for chronic wounds was published by Kranke et al. (2015) (see Table 2).5 Reviewers identified 12 RCTs (N = 577) comparing the effect of HBOT on chronic wound healing with an alternative treatment approach that did not use HBOT. Ten of the 12 trials evaluated HBOT in patients with diabetes (n = 531). The trials were assessed as moderate quality using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. HBOT regimens varied across studies, ranging from 3.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 45 minutes to 2.2 ATA for 120 minutes. In a pooled analysis of 5 trials, a significantly higher proportion of ulcers had healed at the end of treatment (i.e., 6 weeks) in the group receiving HBOT than in the group not receiving HBOT, but there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of major amputations between groups.
A systematic review by Elraiyah et al. (2016) evaluated adjunctive therapies (HBOT, arterial pumps, and pharmacologic agents) used to treat diabetic foot ulcers (see Table 2).6 RCTs and nonrandomized cohort studies were included. The RCTs were rated as low-to-moderate quality using the GRADE system. A pooled analysis of 6 RCTs found a significantly higher healing rate and a significantly lower major amputation rate (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.89) with HBOT than with control.
Table 2. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Kranke et al. (2015)5 | Feb 2015 | 12 | Patients with chronic wounds associated with venous or arterial disease, diabetes, or external pressure | 577 | RCTs |
|
| Elraiyah et al. (2016)6 | Oct 2011 | 18 | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers | 1,526 | RCTs, cohort |
|
| Sharma et al. (2021)4 | Sep 2020 | 14 | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers | 768 | RCTs, CCTs |
|
CCT: controlled clinical trial; CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; OR: odds ratio; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk; ST: standard care.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Diabetic Ulcers
Three systematic reviews have been published that included trials and cohort studies. Pooled analyses of RCTs found significantly higher wound healing rates with HBOT than with control conditions. One of the 2 meta-analyses found that HBOT was associated with a significantly lower rate of major amputation.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with carbon monoxide poisoning.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with carbon monoxide poisoning.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include breathing oxygen at standard pressure and other supportive measures such as a ventilator. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS and symptoms. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic review described below all reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
A Cochrane review by Buckley et al. (2011) included 6 RCTs evaluating HBOT for carbon monoxide poisoning (see Table 3).7 Four of the 6 trials were assessed as having a high risk of bias due to nonblinding of treatment allocation. The trials had substantial methodologic and statistical heterogeneity. The outcome of interest was dichotomous, presence or absence of signs or symptoms indicative of neurologic injury at 4 to 6 weeks after study inclusion. Two of the 6 RCTs found that HBOT reduced the likelihood of neurologic sequelae at 1 month and 4 others did not find a significant effect. A pooled analysis of the 6 trials did not find a significant effect of HBOT on neurologic injury. Reviewers concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine whether HBOT reduces the risk of adverse neurologic outcomes after carbon monoxide poisoning. Quality of the evidence was deemed very low, using the GRADE system.
Table 3. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Buckley et al. (2011)7 | Jun 2010 | 6 | Nonpregnant adults with acute carbon monoxide poisoning | 1,361 | RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; CO: carbon monoxide; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; OR: odds ratio; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Nonrandomized Comparative Studies
Nakajima et al. (2020) conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the effect of HBOT versus control (no HBOT) on mortality and morbidity in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning.8 The median number of HBOT sessions was 3 (range, 2 to 5). After propensity score matching of study participants (N = 4,068) the study found no significant difference between groups in in-hospital mortality (mean rate difference, -0.4%; 95% CI, -1.0 to 0.2%). Results were consistent across subgroups according to severity of carbon monoxide poisoning, age and number of HBOT sessions. However, the study found HBOT associated with lower rates of depressed mental status (mean difference, -3.2%; 95% CI, -4.9% to -1.5%) and reduced activities of daily living (mean difference, -5.3%; 95% CI, -7.8% to -2.7%) relative to no HBOT.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
A Cochrane review identified 6 RCTs, the majority of which did not find a significant effect of HBOT on health outcomes. A pooled analysis of the RCT data did not find a significant effect of HBOT on neurologic injuries and the quality of the evidence was considered very low. Evidence from a large cohort study also found no clear benefit of HBOT on in-hospital mortality.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy For Radionecrosis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Treatment of Irradiated Jaw
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with radionecrosis, osteoradionecrosis, and treatment of irradiated jaw.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with radionecrosis, osteoradionecrosis, and treatment of irradiated jaw.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include debridement and medication. Medications prescribed for radionecrosis may include corticosteroids and anticoagulants. For osteoradionecrosis, medications include vasodilators. Medication for the treatment of irradiated jaw can include antibiotics. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for radionecrosis, osteoradionecrosis, and treatment of irradiated jaw has varying lengths of follow-up, ranging from 3 weeks to 18 months. In the systematic reviews described below, nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Bennett et al. (2016) published a Cochrane review on HBOT for late radiation tissue injury (see Table 4).9 Reviewers identified 14 RCTs. There was a moderate level of evidence for 2 pooled analyses. In a pooled analysis of 3 studies, a significantly higher proportion of patients with osteoradionecrosis achieved complete mucosal cover after HBOT compared with control treatments, and in a pooled analysis of 2 trials, a significantly lower risk of wound dehiscence after surgery to repair mandibular osteoradionecrosis with HBOT than with control treatments was reported. A single trial found a significantly higher likelihood of successful healing with HBOT than with antibiotics for tooth extraction in irradiated jaws (absolute risk reduction, 25%; p = .02). There were insufficient data to conduct meta-analyses on other outcomes.
Borabet al (2017) published a systematic review focusing on the use of HBOT to treat the subgroup of patients with late radiation tissue injury who had skin necrosis (see Table 4).10 Reviewers identified 8 studies, including a large observational cohort and several case series. No RCTs were identified. The risk of bias was high due to the design of the included studies. The studies reported improved healing, though, without a comparator, interpretation of the results is limited.
Ravi et al. (2017) published a systematic review on the use of HBOT to treat patients who had received radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.11 Ten prospective case series and comparative studies were identified. Qualitative summaries of outcomes were provided, but pooled analyses were not performed. Outcomes of interest included osteonecrosis and dental implant survival (see Table 4). Other outcomes of interest included salivary gland function and QOL, which are discussed in the Radiotherapy Adverse Events section.
Table 4. Systematic Reviews of Studies Assessing HBOT for Radionecrosis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Treatment of Irradiated Jaw
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2016)9 | Dec 2015 | 14 | Patients with late radiation tissue injury (including necrosis) and patients treated with large-dose radiotherapy likely to induce early necrosis | 753 | RCTs |
|
| Borab et al. (2017)10 | May 2016 | 8 | Patients with radiation-induced skin necrosis | 720 | Observational cohort and case series |
|
| Ravi et al. (2017)11 | Dec 2016 | 10 | Patients who received radiotherapy for head and neck cancer | 375 | Prospective case series and prospective comparative studies |
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Radionecrosis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Treatment of Irradiated Jaw
A Cochrane review of RCTs found that HBOT improved some radionecrosis and osteoradionecrosis outcomes and resulted in better outcomes before tooth extraction in an irradiated jaw. Observational studies focused on skin necrosis and reported high rates of healing with HBOT, though with no comparators, interpretation of results is limited. Prospective observational studies using HBOT for treatment on patients with head and neck cancer receiving HBOT, have reported low osteonecrosis rates and inconsistent results for dental implant survival. The number of RCTs evaluating HBOT for these indications, especially in irradiated jaws, is limited.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Refractory Osteomyelitis
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with chronic refractory osteomyelitis.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with chronic refractory osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is considered refractory with failed response to definitive surgical debridement and a 4 to 6 week course of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication and surgical therapy. Medications prescribed for chronic refractory osteomyelitis may include intravenous antibiotics. Surgery can include debridement. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for chronic refractory osteomyelitis report follow-up times ranging from 34 to 60 months, suggesting that extensive follow-up up to or more than 5 years is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
No prospective clinical trials on chronic or refractory osteomyelitis were identified in literature searches. The evidence for the use of HBOT in chronic osteomyelitis has been primarily based on case series.
Savvidou et al. (2018) conducted a qualitative systematic review of HBOT as an adjunctive treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.12 Adjuvant HBOT was effective in 16 (80%) of 20 cohort studies and 19 (95%) of 20 case series. Overall, 308 (73.5%) of 419 patients with complete data achieved a successful outcome with no relapses reported.
Among the larger case series, Maynor et al. (1998) reviewed the records of all patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia seen at a single-institution.13 Follow-up data were available on 34 patients who had received a mean of 35 adjunctive HBOT sessions (range, 6 to 99 sessions). Of the 26 patients with at least 24 months of follow-up after treatment, 81% (21/26) remained drainage-free. At 60 months of follow-up, 80% (12/15), and at 84 months, 63% (5/8) remained drainage-free.
Davis et al. (1986) reviewed outcomes for 38 patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis treated at another U.S. institution.14 Patients received HBOT until the bone was fully recovered with healthy vascular tissue; this resulted in a mean of 48 daily treatments (range, 8 to 103 treatments). After a mean post-treatment follow-up of 34 months, 34 (89%) of 38 patients remained clinically free of infection (i.e., drainage-free and no tenderness, pain, or cellulitis). Success rates from several smaller case series (N range, 13 to 15 patients), all conducted in Taiwan (1998 through 2000), ranged from 79% to 92%.15,16,17 A high percentage of refractory patients in these series had successful outcomes.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Refractory Osteomyelitis
Only case series data are available; no RCTs or comparative nonrandomized trials were identified. Case series tended to find high rates of successful outcomes in patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis treated with HBOT. However, controlled studies are needed to determine conclusively that HBOT improves health outcomes in patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis compared with other interventions.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Thermal Burns
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with acute thermal burns.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with acute thermal burns.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include cooling therapy and medication. Medications prescribed for acute thermal burns may include antibiotics. Pain and anxiety medication may also be used. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for acute thermal burns does not report follow-up time. However, given that patients may require prolonged occupational and physical therapy based on the site and severity of the acute thermal burn, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
In 2004, a Cochrane review assessed HBOT for thermal burns (see Table 5).18 Two RCTs were identified, published in 1974 and 1997. Sample sizes were 16 and 125. Both trials were judged by reviewers to have poor methodologic quality. Reviewers concluded that the evidence was insufficient to permit conclusions on whether HBOT improves health outcomes in patients with acute thermal burns. No additional trials have been identified in updated literature searches.
Table 5. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Acute Thermal Burns
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Villanueva et al. (2009)18 | Jun 2009 | 5 | Patients with thermal injuries to the epidermis, subcutaneous tissues, vessels, nerve, tendons, or bone | 141 | RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Thermal Burns
A Cochrane review identified 2 RCTs on HBOT for thermal burns. Both were judged to have poor methodologic quality. There is insufficient evidence from well-conducted controlled studies to permit conclusions on the impact of HBOT on health outcomes in patients with acute thermal burns.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Surgical and Traumatic Wounds
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with acute surgical and traumatic wounds.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with acute surgical and traumatic wounds. A subset of individuals with acute surgical or traumatic wounds may be treated with HBOT to salvage compromised skin grafts or flaps.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include dressings, debridement, and medication. Medications prescribed for acute surgical and traumatic wounds may include antibiotics and pain management. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for acute surgical and traumatic wounds has varying lengths of follow-up, though many had short follow-up period of 6 to 7 days. Depending on the severity of the wounds, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review of RCTs on HBOT for acute surgical and traumatic wounds was published by Eskes et al. (2013) (see Table 6).19 HBOT was administered at pressures above 1 atmosphere (atm). To be included, studies had to compare HBOT with a different intervention or compare 2 HBOT regimens; also, studies had to measure wound healing objectively. Four RCTs met reviewers’ inclusion criteria. Trials ranged in size from 10 to 135 participants. Due to differences among trials regarding patient population, comparison intervention, and outcome measurement, results could not be pooled. The primary outcome examined by Cochrane reviewers (wound healing) was not reported in either of the 2 trials comparing HBOT with usual care and was not reported in the trial comparing HBOT with dexamethasone or heparin. Complete wound healing was reported in the RCT comparing active HBOT with sham HBOT. In this study (n = 36), there was a statistically higher rate of wound healing in the group, though the time point for outcome measurement in this trial was unclear. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in the mean time to wound healing.
A systematic review of studies on HBOT for acute wounds, published by Dauwe et al. (2014), included RCTs and controlled nonrandomized studies (see Table 6).20 Reviewers included 8 studies, with sample sizes ranging from 5 to 125 patients. Four studies were randomized, 3 were prospective observational studies, and 1 was a retrospective observational study. As in the Eskes et al. (2013) systematic review, data were not pooled. Reviewers noted that 7 of the 8 studies reported statistically significant findings for their primary endpoints, but the endpoints differed among studies (e.g., graft survival, hospital length of stay, wound size). Moreover, the studies were heterogeneous regarding treatment regimens, patient indications (e.g., burns, facelifts), and study designs making it difficult to draw conclusions about the effect of HBOT on acute wound treatment.
Zhou et al. (2014) published a systematic review of Chinese studies assessing the use of HBOT in the management of compromised skin flaps and grafts.21 Among 16 controlled studies comparing routine therapy to HBOT, healing and survival rates ranged from 35.0% to 86.5% and 77.9% to 100%, respectively. Among a subset of studies assessing skin flaps post-mastectomy, the overall therapeutic efficacy rate was 62.5%. Several studies suggested higher success rates when HBOT is initiated as soon as possible following surgery. Limitations of this analysis include heterogeneity in treatment protocols, wound sites and etiologies, and underlying comorbidities. The authors acknowledge that the therapeutic efficacy of HBOT in compromised skin flaps needs to be validated in future randomized, controlled studies but encourage shared decision-making in the absence of Level I evidence.
Table 6. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Acute Surgical and Traumatic Wounds
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Eskes et al. (2013)19 | Aug 2013 | 4 | Patients with acute wounds (skin injuries occurring due to surgery or trauma) | 229 | RCTs |
|
| Dauwe et al. (2014)20 | Oct 2012 | 8 | Patients with acute wounds, grafts, and flaps | 256 | RCTs and nonrandomized studies |
|
| Zhou et al. (2014)21 | 1994-2013 | 23 | Patients with compromised skin flaps and grafts | 626 (HBOT) 583 (control) |
RCTs (12), nonrandomized comparative studies (4), and single-arm studies (7) |
|
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Surgical and Traumatic Wounds
Two systematic reviews identified 4 RCTs; 1 of the reviews also included nonrandomized studies. One systematic review identified 16 small Chinese controlled studies on the use of HBOT for compromised skin grafts and flaps. Heterogeneity among studies, (e.g., in patient population, treatment regimen, comparison group, outcomes) prevented pooling of study findings and limited the ability to draw definitive conclusions about the impact of HBOT on health outcomes in patients with acute and traumatic wounds. Additional evidence from high-quality RCTs is needed.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication and surgical therapy. Medications prescribed may consist of systemic antibiotics and systemic or topical antifungals. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw analyzed follow-up to 18 months. Though follow-up to 3-month showed initial benefits, the RCT reported below recommended longer term follow-up to analyze outcomes compared with standard of care. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy and superiority to comparators.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
An unblinded RCT by Freiberger et al. (2012) evaluated the use of HBOT as an adjunct therapy for patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (see Tables 7 and 8).22 The investigators did a per-protocol analysis (actual treatment received) due to crossovers between the treatment groups. Participants were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. At 3 months, significantly more patients receiving HBOT as an adjunct to standard care experienced improvements in lesion size and number compared with patients receiving only standard care. When the change from baseline to 6, 12, or 18 months was examined, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in the proportion of patients with improvement or in the proportion of those who healed completely at any time point. This trial had a number of methodologic limitations (e.g., unblinded, crossover, per-protocol analysis rather than intention-to-treat). A disadvantage of the per-protocol analysis is that randomization is not preserved, and the 2 groups may differ on characteristics that affect outcomes.
Table 7. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active (n = 25) | Comparator (n = 21) |
| Freiberger et al. (2012)22 | United States | NRa | 2006-2010 | Patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw |
|
Standard oral care (antiseptic rinses, surgery, and antibiotics) |
ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NR: not reported.
a Number of sites not reported, though all oncologists, dentists, and oral-maxillofacial surgeons in the referral area of central North Carolina, southern Virginia, and northern South Carolina were eligible to participate.
Table 8. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
| Improved, % (n) | Healed, % (n) | ||||||
| Study (Year) | 3 Months | Between-Group P-Value | 18 Months | Between-Group P-Value |
3 Months | Between-Group P-Value |
Between-Group P-Value |
| Freiberger et al. (2012)22 | 46 | 46 | 46 | ||||
| HBOT | 68.0 (25) | .03 | 58.3 (12) | .31 | 36.0 (25) | .04 | 1.0 |
| Control | 35.0 (20) | 33.3 (6) | 10.0 (20) | ||||
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
One RCT evaluated HBOT for patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. This unblinded study reported initial benefits at the 3-month follow-up; however, there were no significant benefits of HBOT for most health outcomes compared with standard care in the long-term (6 months to 2 years). Additional evidence from RCTs is needed to permit conclusions on the impact of HBOT on health outcomes in patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with necrotizing soft tissue infections.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication and surgical therapy. Medications prescribed for necrotizing soft tissue infection may include antibiotics. Surgical therapy can include debridement. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for necrotizing soft tissue infections has varying lengths of follow-up. However, given the severity of the infection, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review by Levett et al. (2015) evaluated the literature on HBOT as adjunctive therapy for necrotizing fasciitis.23 No RCTs were identified. A 2021 systematic review conducted by Hedetoft et al. included 31 retrospective cohort studies assessing the effect of adjunctive HBOT for treating necrotizing soft-tissue infections (necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier’s gangrene, and gas gangrene).24 Ten studies assessed to have critical (very high) risk of bias were excluded from meta-analyses. Pooled results from the remaining 21 studies found HBOT associated with a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.58; I2 = 8%), but the duration of follow-up for mortality was not reported. Results were consistent when studies were stratified according to moderate (5 studies; OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.55; I2 = 0%) and serious (high) risk of bias (16 studies; OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.80; I2 = 17%). Publication bias favoring HBOT was present for this outcome based on funnel plot analysis. For other outcomes, including major amputation and length of hospital stay, there were no statistically significant differences between HBOT use and non-use. Evidence on adjunctive HBOT and the need for surgical debridement was mixed. One study with a low/moderate risk of bias reported a higher number of debridements with HBOT use versus non-use (mean difference, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.45), but the mean difference between HBOT use and non-use in a pooled analysis of 5 studies with methodological flaws was not statistically significant (mean difference, 0.63; 95% CI, -0.49 to 1.75).
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
No RCTs have evaluated HBOT for necrotizing soft tissue infection. A systematic review of retrospective cohort studies with methodological limitations suggested that HBOT use may reduce the risk of in-hospital mortality, but these results were subject to publication bias.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with acute coronary syndrome.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with acute coronary syndrome.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication and surgical therapy. Medication prescribed for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome may include thrombolytics, nitroglycerin, antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocks, and statins. Surgical therapy can include angioplasty and stenting and coronary bypass surgery. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for acute coronary syndrome has varying lengths of follow-up. However, longer-term follow-up does provide a better opportunity for analyses of outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review by Bennett et al. (2015) identified 6 trials (N = 665) evaluating HBOT for acute coronary syndrome (see Table 9).25 Included studies were published between 1973 and 2007. All studies included patients with acute myocardial infarction; a study also included individuals with unstable angina. Additionally, all trials used HBOT, administered between 2 and 3 ATA, for 30 to 120-minute sessions, as an adjunct to standard care. Control interventions varied; only a trial described using a sham therapy to blind participants to treatment group allocation. In a pooled analysis of data from 5 trials, there was a significantly lower risk of mortality in patients who received HBOT compared with a control intervention. Due to the variability of outcome reporting across studies, few other pooled analyses could be conducted. Three trials reported outcomes related to left ventricular function. One did not find a statistically significant improvement in contraction with HBOT, while 2 trials showed left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly with HBOT. Reviewers noted that, although some evidence from small trials correlated HBOT with a lower risk of death, larger trials with high-quality methods were needed to determine which patients, if any, could be expected to derive benefit from HBOT.
Table 9. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Acute Coronary Syndrome
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2015)25 | Jun 2010 | 6 | Adults with acute coronary syndrome, with or without S-T segment elevation | 665 | RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fracture; MD: mean difference; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndrome
A Cochrane review of 6 RCTs found insufficient evidence that HBOT is safe and effective for acute coronary syndrome. One pooled analysis of data from 5 RCTs found a significantly lower rate of death with HBOT than with a comparison intervention; however, larger, higher-quality trials are needed. Three trials measuring left ventricular function report inconsistent results.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with acute ischemic stroke.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include administration of tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular procedures. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for acute ischemic stroke has varying lengths of follow-up, ranging from none to 6 months. In the systematic review described below, all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, 6 months to 1 year or more of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
In a Cochrane systematic review of RCTs, Bennett et al. (2014) evaluated HBOT for acute ischemic stroke (see Table 10).26 Reviewers identified 11 RCTs (N = 705) that compared HBOT with sham HBOT or no treatment. Reviewers could pool study findings for only 1 outcome (mortality at 3 to 6 months), and no difference was detected between the treatment groups for that outcome. There was heterogeneity in the participants enrolled and in the clinical and functional outcomes measured across the studies.
Table 10. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Acute Ischemic Stroke
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2014)26 | Apr 2014 | 11 | Patients with acute ischemic stroke, defined as sudden neurologic deficit of vascular origin for which hemorrhage was excluded by CT or MRI | 705 | RCTs | Pooled analyses of 4 trials (n = 144) found no difference in mortality at 3 to 6 mo (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.34 to 2.75) |
CI: confidence interval; CT: computed tomography; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
A Cochrane review of RCTs conducted a pooled analysis of 4 RCTs and found no significant difference in mortality rates at 3 to 6 months when patients with acute ischemic stroke were treated with HBOT or a sham intervention. Additional RCT data are needed to permit conclusions on the impact of HBOT on the health outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Motor Dysfunction Associated with Stroke
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with motor dysfunction associated with stroke.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with motor dysfunction associated with stroke.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include physical therapy. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for motor dysfunction associated with stroke had a treatment-group follow-up time of 2 months. In the RCT described below, longer follow-up was recommended to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, 3 months to 1 year or more of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Efrati et al. (2013) published an RCT evaluating HBOT for the treatment of neurologic deficiencies associated with a history of stroke (see Tables 11 and 12).27 Patients in the treatment group were evaluated at baseline and 2 months. For patients in the delayed treatment control group, outcomes were evaluated at 4 months after crossing over and receiving HBOT. Outcome measures included the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, which was measured by physicians blinded to the treatment group, and several patient-reported QOL and functional status measures. At the 2-month follow-up, there was a statistically significant improvement in function in the HBOT group compared with the control group, as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, QOL scales, and the ability to perform activities of daily living. These differences in outcome measures were accompanied by improvements in single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in the regions affected by stroke. For the delayed treatment control group, there was a statistically significant improvement in function after HBOT compared with before HBOT. This RCT raises the possibility that HBOT may induce improvements in function and QOL for post-stroke patients with motor deficits. However, the results are not definitive, as the RCT was small and enrolled a heterogeneous group of post-stroke patients. The trial was not double-blind and most outcome measures, except for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, were patient-reported and prone to the placebo effect. Also, there was a high total dropout rate (20%) at the 2-month follow-up. Larger, double-blind studies with longer follow-up are needed to corroborate these results.
Table 11. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for Motor Dysfunction Associated With Stroke
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active (n = 30) | Comparator (n = 29) |
| Efrati et al. (2013)27 | Israel | 1 | 2008 – 2010 | Patients ≥18 y with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke 6 to 36 mo prior to inclusion with ≥1 motor dysfunction |
|
Same as active, delayed after 2 mo |
ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Table 12. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Motor Dysfunction Associated with Stroke
| National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale | Activities of Daily Livinga | |||||
| Study (Year) | Baseline | 2 Months | Between- Group P-Value | Baseline | 2 Months | Between- Group P-Value |
| Efrati et al. (2013)27 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | ||
| Mean HBOT (SD) | 8.5 (3.6) | 5.5 (3.6) | .004 | 16.1 (6.5) | 12.8 (7.3) | .02 |
| Mean control (SD) | 8.7 (4.1) | 8.3 (4.3) | 17.4 (9.5) | 17.5 (9.5) | ||
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen; SD: standard deviation.
a Activities of Daily Living: 16 functions scored across a range whether patient was independent to did not perform at all. Range: 0 (best) to 51 (worst).
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Motor Dysfunction Associated With Stroke
One crossover RCT evaluated HBOT in patients with a recent history of stroke. The RCT reported better outcomes at 2 months with HBOT than with delayed treatment. However, the trial had a number of methodologic limitations, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the efficacy of HBOT for this indication. Double-blind RCTs that address potential bias in subjective outcomes and studies with adequate follow-up are needed.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Bell Palsy
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with Bell palsy.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with Bell palsy.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include self-care (e.g., artificial tears, eyepatch) and medication. Medications prescribed for Bell palsy may include steroids and antiviral drugs. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. There is a lack of published information analyzing the efficacy of systemic HBOT in individuals with Bell palsy. However, in order to analyze long-term outcomes of function, symptoms, and change in disease status, follow-up ranging from 3 months or 1 year or more is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Holland et al. (2012) published a Cochrane review evaluating HBOT in adults with moderate-to-severe Bell palsy.28 The literature search, conducted through January 2012, identified 1 RCT with 79 participants, but this trial did not meet reviewers’ prespecified selection standards because the outcome assessor was not blinded to treatment allocation. The trial was therefore excluded with no further analysis.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Bell Palsy
There is a lack of evidence on use of HBOT for Bell palsy. A Cochrane review did not identify any eligible RCTs; the single RCT identified lacked blinded outcome assessment. Well-conducted RCTs are needed.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with TBI.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication, surgical therapy, and rehabilitation protocols. Medications prescribed for TBI may include diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, and coma-inducing drugs. Emergency surgery is used to minimize damage to brain tissues and can follow on the removal of hematomas, repairing skull fractures, stopping bleeding in the brain, and opening a window in the skull. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for TBI has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic reviews described below, all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Table 13 summarizes key measurement tools for assessing severity of brain injury.
Table 13. Brain Injury Assessment Scales Outcome Measures
| Outcome | Description | Administration | Scoring | MCID |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) | Assesses impairment of conscious level in response to stimuli | Physician-administered | Likert-type scale; lower numbers, more severe TBI:
Total Score:
|
NR |
| Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) | Categorizes outcomes of patients after TBI | Physician-administered |
|
Unfavorable outcome: 1 – 3 |
| PTSD Checklist (PCL) | A 17-item measure that reflects the DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD | Self-administered |
|
|
| Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) | Assesses severity of somatic, cognitive, and emotional symptoms for mTBI | Self-administered or by interviewer |
|
10% improvement |
DoD: Department of Defense; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition; MCID: minimum clinically important difference; mTBI: mild traumatic brain injury; NR: not reported; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; TBI: traumatic brain injury.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
A meta-analysis by Wang et al. (2016) assessed HBOT for TBI (see Table 14 ).29 Eight studies (N = 519) met the eligibility criteria. HBOT protocols varied across studies in the levels of oxygen and the length and frequency of treatments. The primary outcome was change in the Glasgow Coma Scale score. A pooled analysis of 2 studies found a significantly greater improvement in the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score in the HBOT group compared with control groups. Mortality (a secondary outcome) was reported in 3 of the 8 studies. Pooled analysis of these 3 studies found a significantly lower overall mortality rate in the HBOT group than in the control group.
Another systematic review, by Crawford et al. (2016), did not conduct pooled analyses (see Table 14).30 Reviewers identified 12 RCTs evaluating HBOT for patients with TBI. Using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 50 criteria, 8 trials were rated acceptable and 4 rated low. Four trials, all rated as having acceptable quality, addressed patients with mild TBI and compared HBOT with sham. None found statistically significant differences between groups on outcomes (i.e., postconcussive symptom severity, psychological outcomes). Seven trials evaluated HBOT for the acute treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. Four were rated as acceptable quality and 3 as low quality. Study protocols and outcomes varied and none used a sham control. Three acceptable quality studies with standard care controls reported the Glasgow Outcome Scale score and mortality rate. In 2 of them, outcomes were better with HBOT than with standard care; in the third study, outcomes did not differ significantly.
A Cochrane review by Bennett et al. (2012) evaluated HBOT as adjunctive therapy for acute TBI (see Table 14).31 Reviewers identified 7 RCTs comparing a standard intensive treatment regimen with the same treatment regimen plus HBOT. Reviewers did not include studies with interventions in specialized acute care settings. The HBOT regimens varied among studies, e.g., the total number of individual sessions varied from 3 to 40. None of the trials used sham treatment or blinded staff treating patients, and only 1 had blinding of outcome assessment. Allocation concealment was inadequate in all studies. The primary outcomes of the review were mortality and functional outcomes. A pooled analysis of data from 4 trials showed that adding HBOT to standard care decreased mortality, but did not improve functional outcome at final follow-up. The unfavorable functional outcome was commonly defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1, 2, or 3, which are described as “dead,” “vegetative state,” or “severely disabled,” respectively. Studies were generally small and judged to have a substantial risk of bias.
The systematic review and pooled analysis by Hart et al. (2019) evaluated HBOT for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)-associated post-concussive symptoms (PCS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).32 Data were aggregated from 4 Department of Defense (DoD) studies that included participant-level data on 254 patients assigned to either HBOT or sham intervention. An additional 3 studies with summary-level participant data were summarized (n = 135). The authors assessed changes from baseline to post-intervention on PCS, PTSD, and neuropsychological measures (Table 14). The DoD data analyses indicated improvements with HBOT for PCS, measured by the Rivermead Total Score. Statistically significant improvements were seen for PTSD based on the PTSD Checklist Total Score, as well as for verbal memory based on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) -II Trial 1-5 Free Recall.
Table 14. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Traumatic Brain Injury
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Hart et al. (2019)32 | 7 (4 by DoD) | Patients (primarily US Service personnel) with mild traumatic brain injury | 389 | DoD Analysis:
|
||
| Wang et al. (2016)29 | Dec 2014 | 8 | Patients with mild or severe traumatic brain injury | 519 | RCTs and 2-arm prospective studies |
|
| Crawford et al. ( 2017)30 | Aug 2014 | 12 | Military and civilian patients with traumatic brain injury | RCTs |
|
|
| Bennett et al. (2012)31 | Mar 2012 | 7 | Patients with acute traumatic brain injury following blunt trauma | 571 | RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test; DoD: Department of Defense; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; OR: odds ratio; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Clinical Trials
The DoD-sponsored RCT, “Brain Injury and Mechanisms of Action in Hyperbaric Oxygen for Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) (BIMA),” completed in 2016,33 was the first to include post-intervention follow-up beyond 3 to 6 months. Hart et al. (2019) described BIMA, which assessed HBOT for U.S. service members with mTBI.34 BIMA was initially planned for a 12-month follow-up, but was amended to include PCS and PTSD, QOL, pain, depression, anxiety, and alcohol use assessments at 24 and 36 months. Investigators saw no significant differences at 24 or 36 months between the HBOT and sham groups, and group mean scores had returned to near pre-intervention values. Churchill et al. (2019) reported on the chamber- and protocol-related adverse events (AEs) in the HOPPS and BIMA trials.35 In addition to AEs, they assessed the success of maintaining the blind with a low-pressure sham control group. Of the total 4245 chamber sessions, AEs were rare, at 1.1% in the HOPPS study and 2.2% in BIMA. Most AEs were minor, non-limiting barotrauma, and headaches. Results of a questionnaire that followed the intervention showed that the sham group blind was adequately maintained in both trials.
Weaver et al. (2019) evaluated BIMA and a second RCT of U.S. service members for the efficacy of HBOT in treating persistent PCS after mTBI.36, The second study, titled “A Pilot Phase II Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen for Persistent Post-concussive Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (HOPPS),” was completed in 2012.37 The 3 outcomes assessed in the pooled analyses of the 2 studies were symptoms, cognitive impairment, and functional impairment; they were weighted and grouped into different domains to calculate the composite outcome score. A total of 143 service members were randomized to receive either HBOT (1.5 ATA, > 99% oxygen) or sham therapy (1.2 ATA, room air). In HOPPS, composite total scores improved from baseline for HBOT (mean, -2.9 ± 9.0) and sham treatment (-2.9 ± 6.6), but the groups did not differ significantly from each other (p = .33). The BIMA trial results showed a greater improvement from baseline in the HBOT group (-3.6 ± 6.4) versus sham (-0.3 ± 5.2; p = .02). The authors concluded that composite total scores in HOPPS and BIMA were consistent with primary study results.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury
A number of RCTs and systematic reviews have been published. Pooled analyses were only conducted on a minority of the published RCTs, and these analyses had inconsistent findings. Additionally, there was overlap in RCTs included in the reviews. There is a lack of consistent evidence from well-conducted trials that HBOT improves the health outcome for patients with TBI.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with IBD.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication and surgical therapy. Medications prescribed for IBD may include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune systems suppressors, antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, pain relievers, iron supplements, and calcium and vitamin D supplements. Surgical therapy can include ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for IBD has varying lengths, though many of the studies in the systematic review reported below only followed patients during treatment or for a short time after. Nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A systematic review by McCurdy et al. (2022) examined the evidence on HBOT for a range of IBD phenotypes (Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis; see Table 15).38 The review was not limited by study design, and included 3 small RCTs ( N = 40)39,40,41 and 16 case series. All 3 of the RCTs were conducted in patients with ulcerative colitis. The included case series generally enrolled less than 30 patients each, with the exception of one study, conducted in Russia, that enrolled 519 patients. Overall, a total sample size for the systematic review across phenotypes was 844. Pooled response rates are reported in Table 15. Results from the individual RCTs were mixed. Two RCTs found a benefit for HBOT compared with standard medical care, but they were small studies (n = 10 and 20) and were likely underpowered to detect between-group differences. In addition, one of the trials only included prior HBOT responders40 and one39 was stopped early due to enrollment difficulties. The third RCT found no benefit of HBOT compared with standard care, and was also stopped early due to futility.41 Quality assessment of the included studies judged 2 of the 3 included RCTs to be at high risk of bias. Study authors concluded that although HBOT was associated with high response rates across phenotypes, high-quality evidence was very limited, and well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm the effect of HBOT in patients with IBD.
Table 15. Systematic Reviews of Studies Assessing HBOT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Response Rate (95% CI) |
| McCurdy et al. (2022)38 | Nov 2020 | 19 | Patients with various IBD phenotypes |
|
|
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Three RCTs have reported mixed findings in patients with ulcerative colitis. A systematic review of RCTs and observational studies found heterogeneity in HBOT protocols and high rates of bias in the literature (e.g., attrition, reporting bias).
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies for individuals with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL).
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with ISSNHL.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT alone or as an adjunct to medical therapy.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medical therapy. Medications prescribed for ISSNHL may include systemic and intratympanic steroids, and antiviral and hemodilution agents.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. Follow-up for the evaluation of systemic HBOT as a treatment for ISSNHL would be weeks to months after early intervention. Longer follow-up of at least 1 year is necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
A Cochrane review by Bennett et al. (2012) on HBOT for ISSNHL and/or tinnitus identified 7 RCTs (N = 392; see Table 16).42 Treatment of tinnitus is covered in evidence review 8.01.39. Studies were small and generally of poor quality. Randomization procedures were only described in 1 study, and only 1 study stated they blinded participants to treatment group assignment using sham therapy. Six studies included time-based entry criteria for hearing loss and/or tinnitus (48 hours in 3 studies, 2 weeks in 2 studies, 6 months in 1 study). The dose of oxygen per treatment session and the treatment protocols varied across studies (e.g., the total number of treatment sessions ranged from 10 to 25). All trials reported the change in hearing following treatment, but specific outcomes varied. Two trials reported the proportion of participants with more than 50% and more than 25% return of hearing at the end of therapy. A pooled analysis of these studies did not find a statistically significant difference in outcomes between the HBOT and the control groups at the level of 50% or higher but did find a significantly higher rate of improvement at the level of 25% or higher (see Table 16). A pooled analysis of 4 trials found a significantly greater mean improvement in hearing over all frequencies with HBOT compared with control. Reviewers stated that, due to methodologic shortcomings of the trials and the modest number of patients, the results of the meta-analysis should be interpreted cautiously; they did not recommend the use of HBOT for treating ISSNHL.
Rhee et al. (2018) performed a systematic review and meta-analysis through February 2018 for patients comparing HBOT plus medical therapy (MT) with MT alone for ISSNHL treatment.43 Randomized clinical trials and nonrandomized studies were included. The main outcomes considered were complete hearing recovery, any hearing recovery, and absolute hearing gain. Nineteen studies (3 randomized and 16 nonrandomized) with a total of 2,401 patients (mean age, 45.4 years; 55.3% female) were included. In the HBOT+MT group, rates of complete hearing recovery and any hearing recovery were 264/897 (29.4%) and 621/919 (67.6%), respectively, and in the MT alone group were 241/1167 (20.7%) and 585/1194 (49.0%), respectively. Pooled HBOT+MT also showed favorable pooled results from random-effects models for both complete hearing recovery (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.44) and any hearing recovery (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67). The study was limited by the following: (1) differences in clinical and methodological characteristics of selected studies, (2) considerable heterogeneity, (3) the possibility of measured or unmeasured confounder effects, and (4) difficulty in evaluating the benefit of treatment due to a substantial proportion of patients experiencing spontaneous recovery.
A third systematic review, conducted by Joshua et al. (2021)44 included 3 RCTs comparing HBOT with medical treatment, all published in 2018 and none of which were included in either the Bennett or Rhee systematic reviews. Inclusion criteria for studies in the Joshua review differed from the previous reviews in that: 1) only randomized studies were included and 2) diagnosis of ISSNHL was based on American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery criteria. In addition, the literature search was limited to studies published beginning in January 2020. HBOT interventions were 60 or 90 minutes in duration, for time periods ranging from 10 to 20 days and medical treatment included a use of steroids (oral and/or intravenous) alone or in combination with antiviral medications and/or hemorheologic therapy. The patients included in the studies were clinically heterogenous, with baseline hearing loss ranging from moderate to profound in 2 studies and was unreported in the third study. The proportion of patients with hearing recovery, based on a ≥10 point audometric gain, was significantly higher with HBOT compared with control based on pooled analysis of 2 studies (OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.60 to 11.68; I2 = 0%). Limitations of these results include the fact that the included studies were judged to have moderate (2 studies) and high (1 study) risk of bias and the small number of participants in both HBOT (n = 88) and medical treatment (n = 62) groups.
Table 16. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Trials Assessing HBOT for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2012)42 | May 2012 | 7 | Patients with idiopathic SSNHL and/or tinnitus | 392 | RCTs |
|
| Rhee et al. (2018)43 | Feb 2018 | 19 | Patients with SSNHL | 2401 | 3 RCTs, 16 non-RCTs |
|
| Joshua et al. (2021)44 | Apr 2020 | 3 | Patients with SSNHL | 150 | 3 RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; MT: medical therapy; OR: odds ratio; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk; SSNHL: sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
In their qualitative systematic review, Eryigit et al. (2018) assessed the effectiveness of HBOT to treat patients with ISSNHL.45 Sixteen clinical trials were included, with a total of 1,759 operative ears, 580 of which received HBOT. All patients also received steroid treatment — either systemic, intravenous, or intratympanic injection. Most studies found that patients with severe or profound hearing loss who received steroids (any route of administration) plus HBOT saw statistically significant improvements (specified p-value range across studies: .0014 to.012), whereas those with a lower level of hearing loss did not see these improvements. Several studies reported no significant difference between case and control groups, but the studies that broke down the results by levels of hearing loss all showed that profound (or severe and profound) loss benefited from the addition of HBOT to steroid treatment.
Randomized Controlled Trials
A 2022 RCT conducted by Cavaliere et al. published subsequent to the systematic reviews described above compared HBOT and oral steroids, alone and in combination, in 171 adults with ISSNHL.46 Study characteristics are summarized in Table 17.
Table 17. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for ISSNHL
| Interventions | |||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | HBOT (n = 60) | Oral Steroids (n = 55) | HBOT + Oral Steroids (n = 56) |
| Cavaliere et al. (2022)46 | Italy | Single-center | Feb 2016-Dec 2019 | Adults with unilateral and/or bilateral ISSNHL onset within the last 30 days, unknown cause of hearing loss, and normal Eustachian tube function | HBOT 2.5 ATA; 90 min per session for 10 sessions total over 15 days |
Oral prednisone 1 mg/kg per day (maximum dose of 60 mg/day) for 12-14 consecutive days | HBOT + oral prednisone |
Abbreviations: ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; ISSNHL: idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Pure tone audiometry (PTA) testing was conducted at baseline and 20 days after treatment. ISSNHL was characterized at baseline as upsloping (hearing loss affecting 250 to 500 herz [Hz] more), flat (<20 decibel [dB] difference between the highest and lowest pure tone average threshold), downsloping (hearing loss affecting 4000 and 8000 Hz more) or profound (thresholds of ≥90 dB in each test frequency) at baseline. In the study, total or partial hearing recovery was based on change in PTA test results at follow-up, but the magnitude of change that constituted either total or partial recovery was not clearly defined. The study reported that all patients, regardless of intervention group, had a statistically significant improvement in mean PTA scores from baseline, and that HBOT alone or combination therapy with HBOT plus steroids resulted in greater recovery relative to steroid use alone. Other outcomes, including harms of treatment, were not reported.
The purpose of the study limitations tables (see Tables 18 and 19) is to display notable limitations identified in each study. This information is synthesized as a summary of the body of evidence following each table and provides the conclusions on the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the position statement.
Table 18. Study Relevance Limitations of Trials Assessing HBOT for ISSNHL
| Study | Populationa | Interventionb | Comparatorc | Outcomesd | Duration of Follow-upe |
| Cavaliere et al. (2022)46 | 5. Lack of untreated control group (up to 65% of individuals with ISSNHL spontaneously recover) | 1,3,5. Outcomes limited to measures of auditory function; only narrative description of no complications (no harms data); no prespecified description of clinically significant difference | 1, 2. Duration of follow-up (20 days) insufficient to assess benefit and harms |
Abbreviations: HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; ISSNHL: idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
The study limitations stated in this table are those notable in the current review; this is not a comprehensive gaps assessment.
a Population key: 1. Intended use population unclear; 2. Study population is unclear; 3. Study population not representative of intended use; 4. Enrolled populations do not reflect relevant diversity; 5. Other.
b Intervention key: 1. Not clearly defined; 2. Version used unclear; 3. Delivery not similar intensity as comparator; 4. Not the intervention of interest (e.g., proposed as an adjunct but not tested as such); 5: Other.
c Comparator key: 1. Not clearly defined; 2. Not standard or optimal; 3. Delivery not similar intensity as intervention; 4. Not delivered effectively; 5. Other.
d Outcomes key: 1. Key health outcomes not addressed; 2. Physiologic measures, not validated surrogates; 3. Incomplete reporting of harms; 4. Not establish and validated measurements; 5. Clinically significant difference not prespecified; 6. Clinically significant difference not supported; 7. Other.
e Follow-Up key: 1. Not sufficient duration for benefit; 2. Not sufficient duration for harms; 3. Other.
Table 19. Study Design and Conduct Limitations of Trials Assessing HBOT for ISSNHL
| Study | Allocationa | Blindingb | Selective Reportingc | Data Completenessd | Powere | Statisticalf |
| Cavaliere et al. (2022)46 | 5. Randomization was described as accomplished with the use of randomization software, but despite this, there were statistically significant baseline differences between treatment groups for age and magnitude of hearing loss (the HBOT + steroid group was younger and had less hearing loss) | 1, 2. No description of blinding of study participants, staff or outcome assessors | 4. Study registration is unclear | 1. Power calculations not reported |
Abbreviations: HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; ISSNHL: idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
The study limitations stated in this table are those notable in the current review; this is not a comprehensive gaps assessment.
a Allocation key: 1. Participants not randomly allocated; 2. Allocation not concealed; 3. Allocation concealment unclear; 4. Inadequate control for selection bias; 5. Other.
b Blinding key: 1. Participants or study staff not blinded; 2. Outcome assessors not blinded; 3. Outcome assessed by treating physician; 4. Other.
c Selective Reporting key: 1. Not registered; 2. Evidence of selective reporting; 3. Evidence of selective publication; 4. Other.
d Data Completeness key: 1. High loss to follow-up or missing data; 2. Inadequate handling of missing data; 3. High number of crossovers; 4. Inadequate handling of crossovers; 5. Inappropriate exclusions; 6. Not intent to treat analysis (per protocol for noninferiority trials); 7. Other.
e Power key: 1. Power calculations not reported; 2. Power not calculated for primary outcome; 3. Power not based on clinically important difference; 4. Other.
f Statistical key: 1. Analysis is not appropriate for outcome type: (a) continuous; (b) binary; (c) time to event; 2. Analysis is not appropriate for multiple observations per patient; 3. Confidence intervals and/or p values not reported; 4. Comparative treatment effects not calculated; 5. Other.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
A Cochrane review of RCTs had mixed findings from studies that included individuals with tinnitus. Some outcomes (i.e., improvement in hearing of all frequencies, >25% return of hearing) were better with HBOT than with a control intervention, but more than 50% return of hearing did not differ significantly between groups. There was important variability in the patients enrolled in the studies. A subsequent systematic review had similarly limited conclusions due to the inclusion of non-randomized studies. A third review that had stricter inclusion criteria found HBOT increased the rate of hearing recovery, but the analysis was limited to 2 trials with methodological limitations. One RCT published subsequent to the systematic reviews found a positive effect of HBOT plus steroid combination therapy on measures of auditory function compared to either HBOT or steroids alone, but other outcomes were not reported and the study had numerous relevance, design, and conduct limitations.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with delayed-onset muscle soreness.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with delayed-onset muscle soreness.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include conservative care (e.g., massage) and medication (e.g., pain relief). Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for delayed-onset muscle soreness has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic review described below, all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 month of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
In a Cochrane review, Bennett et al. (2005; updated 2010) identified 9 small RCTs on HBOT for delayed-onset muscle soreness and closed soft tissue injury (see Table 20 ).47 Included trials were published between 1996 and 2003. Methodologic quality was assessed as fair to high. Pooled analysis showed significantly higher pain in the group receiving HBOT compared with control. There were no between-group differences in long-term pain outcomes or other measures (e.g., swelling, muscle strength).
Table 20. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for DOMS
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2010)47 | Feb 2010 | 9 | Patients with acute closed soft tissue injuries or DOMS | 219 | RCTs |
|
CI: confidence interval; DOMS: delayed-onset muscle soreness; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
A Cochrane review of RCTs with fair to high methodologic quality found worse short-term pain outcomes with HBOT than with a control condition and no difference in longer term pain or other outcomes (e.g., swelling).
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include behavioral therapy and medication. Behavioral therapy may include anger management, family therapy, applied behavior analysis, etc. Medications prescribed may include antipsychotics. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for autism spectrum disorder had a follow-up of 10 weeks. However, longer term follow-up may show difference between the intervention and comparators. Therefore, at least 6 months of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review by Xiong et al. (2016) identified 1 RCT evaluating systemic HBOT for people with autism spectrum disorder that met eligibility criteria (see Table 21).48 Criteria included a hyperbaric oxygen intervention using 100% oxygen at more than 1 atm. The trial, published by Sampanthaviat et al. (2012), was considered low-quality evidence as assessed by the GRADE approach. The trial randomized children with autism to receive 20 1-hour sessions with HBOT or sham air (n = 30 per group).49 The primary outcome measures were change in Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist and Clinical Global Impression scores, evaluated separately by clinicians and parents. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for either primary outcome. Post-treatment clinician-assessed mean scores on Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist were 52.4 in the HBOT group and 52.9 in the sham air group.
Table 21. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Autism Spectrum Disorder
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | ResultsMean Difference |
| Xiong et al. (2016)48 | Dec 2015 | 1 | Children aged 3 – 9 y with autism spectrum disorder | 60 | RCT |
|
ATEC: Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist; CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
In their controlled trial, Rizzato et al. (2018) examined the effect of HBOT on children diagnosed with autism.50, The children in the HBOT group (n = 8; mean age = 7 y ± 2.33 y) and control group (n = 7; mean age = 6.6 y ± 2.7 y) completed the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC) before intervention (T0), after 40 sessions (1), and 1 months after the end of treatment (T2). The HBOT was also assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale at T0 and T2. Total ABC scores had improved between T0 and T2 in both the intervention and control groups. The HBOT group mean score at T0 was 57.5 ± 19.01 and 50.38 ± 18.55 at T2 (p < .001). The control group’s mean score at T0 was 103.6 ± 20.38 and 59 ± 25.25 at T2 (p < .05). The investigators concluded that their results do not support the use of HBOT in children diagnosed with autism.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder
A Cochrane review identified a single small low-quality RCT on HBOT for autism spectrum disorder, and that trial did not find significantly improved outcomes with HBOT versus sham. A subsequent controlled trial reached the same conclusion, stating results do not support the use of HBOT for autism spectrum disorder.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Cerebral Palsy
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP).
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with CP.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include physical therapy and medication. Medications directed at isolated (e.g., onabotulinumtoxinA) and generalized spasticity (e.g., diazepam, dantrolene, and baclofen) may be prescribed for CP. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for CP has varying lengths of follow-up. In the trials described below, all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Two published RCTs were identified on use of HBOT for CP (see Tables 22 and 23). Lacey et al. (2012) published a double-blind RCT that included 49 children ages 3 to 8 years with spastic CP.51 Participants were randomized to 40 treatments with HBOT or hyperbaric air to simulate 21% oxygen at room air. The primary efficacy outcome was change in the Gross Motor Function Measure global score. The trial was stopped early due to futility when an interim analysis indicated that there was less than a 2% likelihood that a statistically significant difference between groups would be found.
Collet et al. (2001) randomized 111 children with CP to 40 treatments over a 2-month period of HBOT or slightly pressurized room air.52 Investigators found similar improvements in outcomes such as gross motor function and activities of daily living in both treatment groups.
An observational study by Long et al. (2017) evaluated the effects of HBOT as a treatment for sleep disorders in children with CP (N = 71).53 Children, ages 2 to 6 years, underwent 60-minute sessions of 100% oxygen, at 1.6 ATA, for 15 to 20 sessions total. Results showed improvements in average time to fall asleep, average hours of sleep duration, and an average number of night awakenings after 10 HBOT sessions compared with pretreatment.
Table 22. Characteristics of Randomized Trials Assessing HBOT for Cerebral Palsy
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active | Comparator |
| Lacey et al. (2012)51 | United States | 2 | 2005 – 2009 | Children age 3 – 8 y with spastic CP |
|
|
| Collet et al. (2001)52 | Canada | 17 | NR | Children age 3 – 12 y with CP |
|
|
ATA: atmospheres absolute; CP:cerebral palsy; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NR: not reported.
Table 23. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Cerebral Palsy
| Study (Year) | Mean Change GMFMa (95% CI) | Between-Group Difference (95% CI) | Mean Change Functional Skill | Between-Group Difference (95% CI) |
| Lacey et al. (2012)51 | 46 | 46 | ||
| HBOT | 1.5 (-0.3 to 3.3) | 0.9 (-1.5 to 3.3) | 4.4 (2.3 to 6.5) | 1.1 (-1.5 to 3.7) |
| HBAT | 0.6 (-1.0 to 2.2) | 3.3 (1.6 to 5.0) | ||
| Collet et al. (2001)52 | Mean Change, PEDI Self Care |
|||
| HBOT | 2.9 (1.9 to 3.9) | -0.4 (-1.7 to 0.9) | 2.8 (1.6 to 4.0) | 0.1 (-1.8 to 2.0) |
| Slight pressure | 3.0 (2.1 to 3.9) | 2.7 (1.3 to 4.0) |
CI: confidence interval; GMFM: Gross Motor Function Measure; HBAT: hyperbaric air therapy; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; PEDI: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory.
a Positive score represents improvement in function from baseline.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Cerebral Palsy
Two RCTs and an observational study were identified. One RCT was stopped early due to futility and the other did not find significantly better outcomes with HBOT than with a sham intervention. The observational study, which focused on improving sleep in patients with CP, reported improvements following HBOT.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Vascular Dementia
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with vascular dementia.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with vascular dementia.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest are rehabilitation and medication (e.g., cognition-enhancing medication). Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for vascular dementia reported follow-up at 12 weeks. However, longer follow-up is necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review (2012) identified a small RCT evaluating HBOT for vascular dementia (see Table 24).54, This 2009 RCT, conducted in China, compared HBOT (30-day cycles of 1 hour/day for 24 days and 6 days of rest) plus donepezil to donepezil-only in 64 patients. The HBOT plus donepezil group had significantly improved cognitive function after 12 weeks of treatment, though the confidence intervals were wide due to the small sample size. Reviewers judged the trial to be of poor quality because it was not blinded and the methods of randomization and allocation concealment were not discussed.
Table 24. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Vascular Dementia
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Xiao et al. (2012)54 | Dec 2011 | 1 | Patients with vascular dementia, according to DSM- IV criteria | 64 | RCT |
|
CI: confidence interval; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Fourth Edition; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; HDS: Hasegawa’s Dementia Rating Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; RCT: randomized controlled trial; WMD: weighted mean difference.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Vascular Dementia
A Cochrane review identified an RCT judged to be of poor quality. This trial provided insufficient evidence to permit conclusions on the impact of HBOT on health outcomes in patients with vascular dementia.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Radiotherapy Adverse Events
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with radiotherapy adverse events.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with radiotherapy adverse events.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication. Medications to treat cardiovascular and pulmonary adverse events (e.g., pentoxifylline), gastrointestinal toxicity (e.g., amifostine, antidiarrheals), radiation-induced emesis (5-HT3), radiation cystitis (e.g., phenazopyridine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate), and sexual dysfunction (e.g., sildenafil and tadalafil) may be prescribed. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for radiotherapy adverse events has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic reviews and RCTs described below, nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
This indication covers adverse events of radiotherapy other than osteoradionecrosis and treatment of irradiated jaw, which was covered in an earlier indication.
Review of Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Ravi et al. (2017) conducted a systematic review assessing the effect of HBOT on patients with head and neck cancer who had received radiotherapy (see Table 25).11 Pooled analyses were not performed; however, summary results were discussed for the following outcomes: salivary gland function, osteonecrosis prevention, dental implant survival, and QOL. Osteonecrosis prevention and dental implant survival outcomes were discussed previously (see the Radionecrosis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Treatment of Irradiated Jaw section).
Villeirs et al. (2020) conducted a systematic review on the effect of HBOT on cystitis following pelvic radiotherapy.55 The review included 20 studies, only one of which was an RCT; the remaining studies were cohort studies. The number of HBOT sessions ranged widely from 1 to 179 (mean or median number of sessions was not reported). The review broadly assessed cystitis response across studies, generally based on the absence of hematuria. Complete response was achieved in a weighted mean of 63.6% of patients receiving HBOT (range, 20% to 100%) while 35.2% of patients showed no response. In 11 studies reporting follow-up greater than 1 year, recurrence ranged from 0% to 40.7%. Other pooled outcomes were not reported.
Table 25. Systematic Reviews of Studies Assessing HBOT for Radiotherapy Adverse Events
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Ravi et al. (2017)11 | Dec 2016 | 10 | Patients who have received RT for head and neck cancer | 375 | Prospective case series and prospective comparative studies |
|
| Villeirs et al. (2020)55 | May 2018 | 20 | Patients with RT-induced cystitis | 815 | RCTs, cohort studies, and case series |
|
EORTC: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; QOL: quality of life; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RT: radiotherapy; SF-36: 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.
Randomized Controlled Trials
Trials not included in one of the systematic reviews are described below.
Gothard et al. (2010) in the U.K. published findings of an RCT using HBOT for arm lymphedema occurring after radiotherapy for cancer.56 Fifty-eight patients with arm lymphedema (at least a 15% increase in arm volume) following cancer treatment were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to HBOT (n = 38) or usual care without HBOT (n = 20). Fifty-three patients had baseline assessments, and 46 (79%) of 58 had 12-month assessments. At the 12-month follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in the change from baseline in arm volume. Median change from baseline was -2.9% in the treatment group and -0.3% in the control group. The study protocol defined response as at least an 8% reduction in arm volume relative to the contralateral arm. By this definition, 9 (30%) of 30 patients in the HBOT group were considered responders compared with 3 (19%) of 16 in the control group (p = not significant). Other outcomes (e.g., QOL scores on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36]) also did not differ significantly between groups.
A phase 2/3 RCT by Oscarsson et al. (2019) not included in the Villiers systematic review assessed HBOT for late radiation-induced cystitis in adult cancer patients who had received pelvic radiotherapy.57 Eighty-seven patients were randomized to either HBOT (n = 42) or standard care (n = 45). Eight patients withdrew consent directly after randomization, so 79 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The primary outcome was change in the urinary domain of the Expanded Prostate Index Composite Score, which is a patient-reported outcome measurement tool with 12 questions covering a range of urinary tract symptoms; each answer is given on a Likert scale, and the totals are calculated on a 0 to 100 score. A post hoc analysis determined the minimal clinically important difference to be 9 points. Patients were required to have a baseline score of less than 80 to participate in the study. Patients in the HBOT group received 30 to 40 treatments within 60 to 80 days. No study-specific treatment was administered to the standard care group. The trial included 4 visits, and at the fourth visit, the mean Expanded Prostate Index Composite urinary total score in the HBOT group had increased by 17.8 points (standard deviation [SD] = 18.4), whereas the standard care group increased by 7.7 points (SD = 15.5). The difference between the group means in the analysis was 10.1 points (95% CI, 2.2 to 18.1; p = .013). Possible confounding factors that could have influenced the total score were invasive surgery, body mass index, sex, age, and time from radiotherapy to inclusion. A secondary outcome was change in SF-36 total and domain scores. No significant differences in SF-36 scores were seen either from baseline or between groups, with the exception of the domain of “General Health,” which showed a significant improvement for the HBOT group (p = .0012).
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Radiotherapy Adverse Events
Two systematic reviews included few RCTs and provide limited evidence evaluating HBOT for radiotherapy adverse events. One review focused on salivary gland function, osteonecrosis prevention, dental implant survival, and QOL. An RCT not included in the reviews focused on arm lymphedema; it found no significant differences between study groups. Another RCT assessed HBOT for radiation-induced cystitis and found significant benefit by some measures but not others.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Idiopathic Femoral Neck Necrosis
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with idiopathic femoral neck necrosis.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with idiopathic femoral neck necrosis.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include physical therapy, medication, and surgical therapy. Medications prescribed to treat idiopathic femoral neck necrosis may include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, osteoporosis drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and blood thinners. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for idiopathic femoral neck necrosis analyzed HBOT therapy at 6 weeks of follow-up. Longer follow-up is necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A double-blind RCT evaluating HBOT for the treatment of femoral head necrosis was published by Camporesi et al. (2010) (see Tables 26 and 27).58 The trial included 20 adults with idiopathic unilateral femoral head necrosis. Patients received HBOT or a sham treatment of hyperbaric air. The mean severity of pain on a 0-to-10 scale was significantly lower in the HBOT group than in the control group after 30 sessions (p < .001) but not after 10 or 20 sessions. The trial did not report exact pain scores. Several range-of-motion outcomes were reported. At the end of the initial treatment period, extension, abduction, and adduction, but not flexion, was significantly greater in the HBOT group than in the control group. Longer-term comparative data were not available because the control group was offered HBOT after the initial 6-week treatment period.
Table 26. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for Femoral Neck Necrosis
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active (n = 10) | Comparator (n = 10) |
| Camporesi et al. (2010)58 | United States | 1 | NR | Patients with unilateral femoral neck necrosis |
|
|
ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NR: not reported.
Table 27. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Femoral Neck Necrosis
| Study (Year) | Median (Range) Extension, After 10 Sessions |
Between-Group Difference P Value |
Median (Range) Extension, After 30 Sessions |
Between-Group Difference P Value |
| Camporesi et al. (2010)58 | ||||
| HBOT | 7.5 (4.0 – 20.0) | NS | 20.0 (15.0 – 20.0) | < .001 |
| HBAT | 4.0 (3.0 – 6.0) | 3.0 (0.0 – 5.0) |
HBAT: hyperbaric air therapy; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NS: not significant.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Idiopathic Femoral Neck Necrosis
One small RCT (n = 20) was identified. Six-week outcomes and results were mixed, with improvements reported in extension, abduction, and adduction, but not flexion. Significant improvements in pain were reported after 30 sessions, though no differences were detected after 10 or 20 sessions. This RCT does not provide sufficient data to permit conclusions about the efficacy of HBOT for femoral head necrosis.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Migraine Headache
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with migraine headache.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with migraine headache.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication. Medications prescribed to treat migraines may include antipsychotics, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stimulants, nerve pain relievers, Triptan, and neurotoxins. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for migraine has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic reviews described below, nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 month of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
A Cochrane review by Bennett et al. (2015) identified 11 RCTs (N = 209) comparing the effectiveness of systemic HBOT for preventing or treating migraine headache or cluster headaches with another treatment or a sham control see Table 28).59, A pooled analysis of 3 trials focusing on migraine headaches (n = 58) found a statistically significant increase in the proportion of patients with substantial relief of migraine within 45 minutes of HBOT. No other pooled analyses were conducted due to variability in outcomes reported across trials. The meta-analysis did not report data on treatment effectiveness beyond the immediate post-treatment period, and the methodologic quality of selected trials was moderate to low (e.g., randomization was not well-described in any trial).
Table 28. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Migraine or Cluster Headaches
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2015)59 | Jun 2015 | 11 | Patients with migraine or cluster headaches | 209 | RCT |
|
CI: confidence interval; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Migraine
A Cochrane review identified 11 RCTs on HBOT for a migraine headache. However, only a single pooled analysis was conducted including 3 of the 11 trials. The pooled analysis found significantly greater relief of migraine symptoms with HBOT than with a comparator intervention within 45 minutes of treatment. Limitations included the availability of outcomes specific to the immediate post-treatment period, the variability of outcomes across trials, and generally low methodologic quality of trials.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Herpes Zoster
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in patients with herpes zoster.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with herpes zoster.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication. Medications prescribed to treat herpes zoster may include anti-viral drugs, anesthetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, and nerve pain relievers. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for herpes zoster described below, reported outcomes of interest, but longer follow-up are necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Peng et al. (2012) in China published an RCT evaluating HBOT for herpes zoster (see Tables 29 and 30).60 Sixty-eight patients with herpes zoster were randomized to HBOT with medication or medication treatment alone. The following outcomes were measured after 3 weeks of treatment: therapeutic efficacy, days to blister resolution, days to scar formation, and pain. Patients receiving HBOT experienced significantly improved outcomes compared with patients receiving medication alone. Limitations of the trial included a lack of blinding and long-term follow-up.
Table 29. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for Herpes Zoster
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active (n = 36) | Comparator (n = 32) |
| Peng et al. (2012)60 | China | NR | 2008 – 2010 | Patients diagnosed with herpes zoster within 2 wk |
|
Medication alone, including antiviral, nerve nutritive, pain relief, and antidepressives |
ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NR: not reported.
Table 30. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Herpes Zoster
| Study (Year) | Efficacya,b | Mean Days to Blister Resolutionb | Mean Days to Scar Formationb | NPRS Scoreb | |
| Pretreatment | Posttreatment | ||||
| Peng et al. (2012)60 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 |
| Mean HBOT and medication (SD) | 97.2% | 2.8 (1.5) | 11.1 (4.0) | 8.0 (1.8) | 1.8 (2.7) |
| Mean medication alone (SD) | 81.3% | 3.3 (1.4) | 13.9 (4.3) | 8.1 (1.7) | 3.5 (4.1) |
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NPRS: Numeric Pain Rating Scale; SD: standard deviation.
a Calculation: (number cases with healing + number cases with improvement)/(total number cases × 100).
b Between-group difference p < .05.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Herpes Zoster
One RCT was identified. Only short-term outcomes were reported. Outcomes at the end of treatment were significantly better in the HBOT group than in the medication group. Trial limitations included a lack of blinding and long-term outcomes.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Fibromyalgia
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with fibromyalgia.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with fibromyalgia.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication. Medications prescribed for fibromyalgia may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nerve pain relievers, and muscle relaxants. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms, change in disease status, and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for fibromyalgia has varying lengths of follow-up. In the systematic reviews described below, all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
One delayed treatment RCT and a quasi-randomized trial on HBOT for fibromyalgia were identified.
Efrati et al. (2015) published an RCT that included 60 symptomatic women who had fibromyalgia for at least 2 years (see Tables 31 and 32).61 Patients were randomized to an immediate 2-month course of HBOT or delayed HBOT after 2 months. Forty-eight (80%) of 60 patients completed the trial. After the initial 2 months, outcomes including a number of tender points, pain threshold, and QOL (SF-36) were significantly improved in the immediate treatment group than in the delayed treatment group. After the delayed treatment group had undergone HBOT, outcomes were significantly improved compared with scores in the 2 months before HBOT treatment. These findings are not only consistent with the clinical benefit of HBOT but also with a placebo effect. A sham control trial is needed to confirm the efficacy of HBOT in the treatment of fibromyalgia and other conditions where primary endpoints are pain and other subjective outcomes.
Yildiz et al. (2004) assessed 50 patients with fibromyalgia (see Tables 31 and 32).62 On an alternating basis, patients were assigned to HBOT or a control group. After HBOT treatment, the mean standard deviation, number of tender points, and mean visual analog scale scores were improved in patients receiving HBOT compared with controls. It is unclear whether the control group received a sham intervention that would minimize any placebo effect (i.e., whether the control intervention was delivered in a hyperbaric chamber). The authors stated that the trial was double-blind, but did not provide details of patient blinding.
Table 31. Characteristics of Trials Assessing HBOT for Fibromyalgia
| Treatment | ||||||
| Study (Year) | Countries | Sites | Dates | Participants | Active | Comparator |
| Efrati et al. (2015)61 | Israel | 1 | 2010 – 2012 | Patients with fibromyalgia based on: (1) widespread pain and (2) at least 11 of 18 tender points |
|
|
| Yildiz et al. (2004)62 | Turkey | NR | NR | Patients meeting ACR criteria for fibromyalgia, with persistent symptoms despite medical therapy and PT |
|
|
ACR: American College of Rheumatology; ATA: atmospheres absolute; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; NR: not reported; PT: physical therapy.
Table 32. Results of Trials Assessing HBOT for Fibromyalgia
| Tender Points | Pain Threshold | |||||
| Study (Year) | Baseline | After HBOT | Between-Group P-Value | Baseline | After HBOT | Between-Group P-Value |
| Efrati et al. (2015)61 | 50 | 50 | ||||
| Mean HBOT (SD) | 17.3 (1.4) | 8.9 (6.0) | < .001 | 0.5 (1.2) | 1.7 (0.8) | < .001 |
| Mean control (SD) | 17.7 (0.7) | 17.2 (1.1) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | ||
| Yildiz et al. (2004)62 | 50 | 50 | ||||
| Mean HBOT (SD) | 15.0 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.2) | < .001 | 0.7 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | < .001 |
| Mean air (SD) | 15.3 (1.2) | 12.5 (1.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | ||
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; SD: standard deviation.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Fibromyalgia
Two RCTs assessing HBOT for fibromyalgia were identified. Both had relatively small sample sizes and methodologic limitations (e.g., quasi-randomization, no or uncertain sham control for a condition with subjective outcomes susceptible to a placebo effect). Moreover, the HBOT protocols varied. Thus, the evidence is insufficient to permit conclusions on the impact of HBOT on health outcomes for patients with fibromyalgia.
Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with MS.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include medication. Medications prescribed to treat MS include chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, and steroids. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are symptoms and functional outcomes. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for MS has varying lengths of follow-up, ranging from 4 weeks to 6 months. In the systematic review described below, nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
Bennett et al. (2010) published a systematic review on the use of HBOT for treatment of MS (see Table 33).63 Nine RCTs (N = 504) were identified that compared the effects of HBOT with placebo or no treatment. All trials used an initial course of 20 sessions over 4 weeks, although dosages among studies varied from 1.75 ATA for 90 minutes to 2.5 ATA for 90 minutes. The primary outcome of the review was the Expanded Disability Status Scale score. A pooled analysis of data from 5 trials (n = 271) did not find a significant difference in mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score change after 20 HBOT treatments versus control or after 6 months of follow-up.
Table 33. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Multiple Sclerosis
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2010)63 | Jul 2009 | 9 | Patients with multiple sclerosis, at any state or course of the condition | 504 | RCT | EDSS score difference between groups:
|
CI: confidence interval; EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
A Cochrane review of RCTs did not find a significant difference in outcomes when patients with MS were treated with HBOT versus a comparison intervention.
Systematic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Individuals with Cancer who are Undergoing Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of systemic HBOT is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies in individuals with cancer who are undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with cancer who are undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is systemic HBOT.
Comparators
Comparators of interest include radiotherapy or chemotherapy without HBOT. Systemic HBOT may be used as an adjunct to these comparators.
Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS and change in disease status. The existing literature evaluating systemic HBOT as a treatment for cancer who are undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy has varying lengths of follow-up, 6 months to 5 years. In the systematic review and RCT described below, nearly all studies reported at least 1 outcome of interest, but longer follow-up was necessary to fully observe outcomes. Therefore, at least 1 year of follow-up is considered necessary to demonstrate efficacy.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
- To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
- In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
- To assess longer term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
- Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.
Review of Evidence
In a Cochrane review (2005),64, which was updated in 2012,65 Bennett et al. (2012) identified 19 randomized and quasi-randomized trials (N = 2,286) comparing outcomes following radiotherapy with and without HBOT in patients with solid tumors (see Table 34). The latest trial identified in the Cochrane search was published in 1999. Reviewers did not find any ongoing RCTs in this area. Results from the review reported that HBOT given with radiotherapy might be useful in tumor control in head and neck cancer. However, reviewers expressed caution because significant adverse events, such as severe radiation tissue injury (relative risk, 2.3; p < .001) and seizures (relative risk, 6.8; p = .03) occurred more frequently in patients treated with HBOT.
Table 34. Systematic Reviews of Trials Assessing HBOT for Tumor Sensitization during Cancer Treatment With Radiotherapy
| Study (Year) | Literature Search | Studies | Participants | N | Design | Results |
| Bennett et al. (2012)65 | Sep 2017 | 19, some including multiple cancer sites |
|
2,286 | RCT and quasi-RCT | Head and neck:
Uterine:
|
HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.
In an RCT of 32 patients, Heys et al. (2006) found no increase in 5-year survival for patients treated with HBOT to increase tumor vascularity before chemotherapy for locally advanced breast carcinoma.66
Section Summary: Systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Tumor Sensitization During Cancer Treatment: Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy
A Cochrane review on the use of HBOT with radiotherapy and an RCT on the use of HBOT with chemotherapy were identified. While the Cochrane review found improvements in tumor control in patients with head and neck cancer, the adverse events accompanying HBOT treatment (e.g., radiation tissue injury, seizures) were significant. The RCT did not find a significant difference in survival in cancer patients who received HBOT before chemotherapy.
Other Indications
For the indications listed below, literature searches did not identify sufficient evidence to support the use of HBOT, such as systematic reviews and/or multiple well-conducted randomized controlled trials directly relevant to U.S. settings, assessing:
- bone grafts;
- carbon tetrachloride poisoning, acute;
- cerebrovascular disease, acute (thrombotic or embolic) or chronic;
- fracture healing;
- hydrogen sulfide poisoning;
- intra-abdominal and intracranial abscesses;
- lepromatous leprosy;
- meningitis;
- pseudomembranous colitis (antimicrobial agent-induced colitis);
- radiation myelitis;
- sickle cell crisis and/or hematuria;
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
- retinal artery insufficiency, acute;
- retinopathy, adjunct to scleral buckling procedures in patients with sickle cell peripheral retinopathy and retinal detachment;
- pyoderma gangrenosum;
- brown recluse spider bites;
- spinal cord injury;
- refractory mycoses;
- acute peripheral arterial insufficiency;
- in vitro fertilization; or
- mental illness.
The purpose of the following information is to provide reference material. Inclusion does not imply endorsement or alignment with the evidence review conclusions.
Clinical Input From Physician Specialty Societies and Academic Medical Centers
While the various physician specialty societies and academic medical centers may collaborate with and make recommendations during this process, through the provision of appropriate reviewers, input received does not represent an endorsement or position statement by the physician specialty societies or academic medical centers, unless otherwise noted.
2023 Input
Clinical input was sought to help determine whether the use of systemic hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in individuals with acute surgical or traumatic wounds and compromised skin grafts or flaps would provide a clinically meaningful improvement in net health outcome and whether the use is consistent with generally accepted medical practice. In response to requests, clinical input was received from 2 respondents, including 2 specialty society-level responses.
For individuals with acute surgical or traumatic wounds and compromised skin grafts or flaps who receive systemic HBOT, clinical input supports this use provides a clinically meaningful improvement in net health outcomes and indicates this use is consistent with generally accepted medical practice.
Further details from clinical input are included in the Appendix.
2010 Input
In response to requests, input was received from 6 physician specialty societies and 5 academic medical centers while this policy was under review in 2010. Clinical input varied by condition. There was consensus that topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and systemic HBOT for autism spectrum disorder and headache/migraine are investigational. There was also wide support for adding acute carbon monoxide poisoning, compromised skin grafts or flaps, chronic refractory osteomyelitis, and necrotizing soft tissue infections to the list of medically necessary indications for HBOT. Several reviewers acknowledged that there is a paucity of clinical trials on HBOT for compromised skin grafts/flaps, necrotizing soft tissue infections, and chronic refractory osteomyelitis. These reviewers commented on the support from basic science, animal studies, and retrospective case series, as well as lack of effective alternative treatments for these conditions. Based on the available evidence and clinical input, acute carbon monoxide poisoning and chronic refractory osteomyelitis were changed in 2010 to medically necessary indications for HBOT. However, despite the clinical input and given the limited published evidence, compromised skin grafts and flaps and necrotizing soft tissue infections are still considered investigational.
Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
Guidelines or position statements will be considered for inclusion in Supplemental Information if they were issued by, or jointly by, a U.S. professional society, an international society with U.S. representation, or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Priority will be given to guidelines that are informed by a systematic review, include strength of evidence ratings, and include a description of management of conflict of interest.
Society of Vascular Surgery et al.
In 2016, the Society of Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine published guidelines on the management of the diabetic foot.67 According to the guidelines, for diabetic foot ulcers that fail to demonstrate improvement (> 50% wound area reduction) after a minimum of 4 weeks of standard wound therapy, adjunctive therapy such as HBOT is recommended (grade 1B). Also, for diabetic foot ulcers with adequate perfusion that fail to respond to 4 to 6 weeks of conservative management, HBOT is suggested (grade 2B).
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
In 2015, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) published guidelines on the use of HBOT for treating diabetic foot ulcers.68, Recommendations in the current version include:
- Suggest against using HBOT in patients with "Wagner Grade 2 or lower diabetic foot ulcers ..."
- Suggest adding HBOT in patients with "Wagner Grade 3 or higher diabetic foot ulcers that have not shown significant improvement after 30 days of [standard of care] therapy ..."
- Suggest "adding acute post-operative hyperbaric oxygen therapy to the standard of care" in patients with "Wagner Grade 3 or higher diabetic foot ulcers" who have just had foot surgery related to their diabetic ulcers.
The 2019 UHMS Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Indications (14th edition) included the following indications as recommended:69
- Air or Gas Embolism
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and carbon monoxide complicated by cyanide poisoning
- Clostridial Myositis and Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)
- Crush Injury, Compartment Syndrome and Other Acute Traumatic Ischemias
- Decompression Sickness
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Diabetic foot ulcer
- Healing of other problem wounds
- Severe anemia
- Intracranial abscess
- Necrotizing soft tissue infections
- Refractory osteomyelitis
- Delayed radiation injury (soft tissue and bony necrosis)
- Compromised grafts and flaps
- Acute thermal burn injury
- Sudden Sensorineural hearing loss.
American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery
In 2019, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery updated clinical guidelines on the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).70 They give the following options regarding HBOT:
"Clinicians may offer, or refer to a physician who can offer, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) combined with steroid therapy within 2 weeks of onset of SSNHL."
"Clinicians may offer, or refer to a physician who can offer, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) combined with steroid therapy as salvage within 1 months of onset of SSNHL.”
The guideline provided a comprehensive list of evidence gaps and future research needs on the use of HBOT for SSNHL. These included, among others, the need for a standardized, evidence-based definition of SSNHL, the assessment of the prevalence of SSNHL, and the need for the development of standardized HBOT treatment protocols and standardized outcome assessments.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
Not applicable
Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Some currently unpublished trials that might influence this review are listed in Table 35.
Table 35. Summary of Key Trials
| NCT No. | Trial Name | Planned Enrollment | Completion Date |
| Ongoing | |||
| NCT04472780 | Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | 80 | Oct 2021 |
| NCT02407028 | Hyperbaric Oxygen Brain Injury Treatment (HOBIT) Trial | 200 | Jun 2024 |
| NCT04316702 | Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy vs. Pharmaceutical Therapy in Patients Suffering From Fibromyalgia That Was Induced by Emotional Trauma: Prospective, Randomized, Two Active Arms Clinical Trial | 60 | Mar 2023 |
| NCT04193722 | The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Breast Cancer Patients With Late Radiation Toxicity | 120 | Sep 2023 |
| NCT01986205 | A Double-blind Randomized Trial of Hyperbaric Oxygen Versus Sham for Persistent Symptoms After Brain Injury | 150 | Dec 2023 |
| NCT04975867 | Targeted Temperature Management Combined With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Acute Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (TTM-COHB Trial) | 46 | Jul 2025 |
| Unpublished | |||
| NCT02085330 | Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Mild Cognitive Impairment | 60 | Feb 2017 (unknown; last updated 10/02/14) |
| NCT03147352 | Pro-Treat - Prognosis and Treatment of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: a Prospective Cohort Study | 310 | Jan 2018 (completed; last updated 06/24/19) |
| NCT02089594 | Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Treatment of Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)/Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCCS) | 59 | Mar 2019 (status unknown; last updated 4/18/17) |
| NCT03325959 | Hyperbaric Oxygen versus Standard Pharmaceutical Therapies for Fibromyalgia Syndrome - Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial | 70 | Nov 2019 (status unknown; last updated 10/30/17) |
NCT: national clinical trial.
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- Lacey DJ, Stolfi A, Pilati LE. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Ann Neurol. Nov 2012; 72(5): 695-703. PMID 23071074
- Collet JP, Vanasse M, Marois P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for children with cerebral palsy: a randomised multicentre trial. HBO-CP Research Group. Lancet. Feb 24 2001; 357(9256): 582-6. PMID 11558483
- Long Y, Tan J, Nie Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is safe and effective for the treatment of sleep disorders in children with cerebral palsy. Neurol Res. Mar 2017; 39(3): 239-247. PMID 28079475
- Xiao Y, Wang J, Jiang S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 11 2012; (7): CD009425. PMID 22786527
- Villeirs L, Tailly T, Ost P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation cystitis after pelvic radiotherapy: Systematic review of the recent literature. Int J Urol. Feb 2020; 27(2): 98-107. PMID 31617263
- Gothard L, Haviland J, Bryson P, et al. Randomised phase II trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with chronic arm lymphoedema after radiotherapy for cancer. Radiother Oncol. Oct 2010; 97(1): 101-7. PMID 20605648
- Oscarsson N, Müller B, Rosén A, et al. Radiation-induced cystitis treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (RICH-ART): a randomised, controlled, phase 2-3 trial. Lancet Oncol. Nov 2019; 20(11): 1602-1614. PMID 31537473
- Camporesi EM, Vezzani G, Bosco G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in femoral head necrosis. J Arthroplasty. Sep 2010; 25(6 Suppl): 118-23. PMID 20637561
- Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, et al. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 28 2015; 2015(12): CD005219. PMID 26709672
- Peng Z, Wang S, Huang X, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on patients with herpes zoster. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2012; 39(6): 1083-7. PMID 23342765
- Efrati S, Golan H, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish fibromyalgia syndrome--prospective clinical trial. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5): e0127012. PMID 26010952
- Yildiz S, Kiralp MZ, Akin A, et al. A new treatment modality for fibromyalgia syndrome: hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Int Med Res. 2004; 32(3): 263-7. PMID 15174219
- Bennett M, Heard R. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther. Apr 2010; 16(2): 115-24. PMID 20415839
- Bennett M, Feldmeier J, Smee R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygenation for tumour sensitisation to radiotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 19 2005; (4): CD005007. PMID 16235387
- Bennett MH, Feldmeier J, Smee R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygenation for tumour sensitisation to radiotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Apr 18 2012; 2012(4): CD005007. PMID 22513926
- Heys SD, Smith IC, Ross JA, et al. A pilot study with long term follow up of hyperbaric oxygen pretreatment in patients with locally advanced breast cancer undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2006; 33(1): 33-43. PMID 16602255
- Hingorani A, LaMuraglia GM, Henke P, et al. The management of diabetic foot: A clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg. Feb 2016; 63(2 Suppl): 3S-21S. PMID 26804367
- Huang ET, Mansouri J, Murad MH, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2015; 42(3): 205-47. PMID 26152105
- Moon RE, editor. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Indications. 14th ed. North Palm Beach, FL: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society; 2019.
- Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Aug 2019; 161(1_suppl): S1-S45. PMID 31369359
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). National Coverage Determination (NCD) for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (20.29). 2006; https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/ncd-details.aspx?ncdid = 12&ver = 3. Accessed April 28, 2023.
Coding Section
| Codes | Number | Description |
| CPT | 99183 | Physician attendance and supervision of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, per session |
| ICD-9 Procedure | 93.95 | Hyperbaric oxygenation |
| ICD-9-Diagnosis | 039.0-039.9 | Actinomycotic infection code range |
| 040.0 | Gas gangrene | |
| 090.0 (730.80-730.89) | Congenital syphilitic osteomyelitis code range | |
| 095.5 | Syphilitic osteomyelitis | |
| 111.0-111.9 | Dermatomycosis, other and unspecified code range | |
| 112.0-112.9 | Candidiasis (mucormycosis) code range | |
| 117.9 | Other and unspecified mycoses | |
| 285.1 | Acute post-hemorrhagic anemia | |
| 348.5 | Cerebral edema | |
| 376.03 | Orbital osteomyelitis | |
| 388.2 | Sudden hearing loss, unspecified | |
| 389.15 | Sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral | |
| 526.4 | Osteomyelitis of jaw | |
| 526.89 | Osteoradionecrosis of jaw | |
| 595.82 | Irradiation cystitis | |
| 682.0-682.9 | Other cellulitis and abscess code range | |
| 686.0-6860.9 |
Other local infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue code range | |
| 709.8 |
Other specified disorders of skin (includes necrosis of skin or subcutaneous tissue) |
|
| 730.00-730.29 | Osteomyelitis code range |
|
| 730.80-730.89 | Other infections involving bone (osteomyelitis) in diseases classified elsewhere code range |
|
| 767.8 | Cerebral edema, fetus or newborn (due to birth injury) | |
| 785.4 | Gangrene | |
| 909.2 | Late effect of radiation | |
| 925.1-929.9 | Crush injury code range | |
| 948.00-948.99 | Burns classified according to extent of body surface involved | |
| 958.0 | Gas embolism (air embolism) | |
| 986 | Carbon monoxide poisoning | |
| 989.0 | Cyanide poisoning, acute | |
| 990 | Effects of radiation, unspecified | |
| 993.3 | Decompression sickness (Caisson disease) | |
| 996.52 | Mechanical complication of other specified prosthetic device, implant and graft; due to graft of other tissue (includes skin graft failure or rejection) | |
| 996.69 | Infection and inflammatory reaction due to internal prosthetic device, implant, and graft | |
| 996.79 | Other complications of internal (biological) (synthetic) prosthetic device, implant, and graft due to other internal prosthetic device, implant, and graft | |
| HCPCS | A4575 | Topical hyperbaric oxygen chamber, disposable |
| C1300 | Hyperbaric oxygen under pressure, full body chamber, per 30 minute interval(DELETED CODE) | |
| G0277 | Hyperbaric oxygen under pressure, full body chamber, per 30 minute interval. | |
| ICD-10-CM (effective 10/1/15) | L081 | Erythrasma |
| A420 | Pulmonary actinomycosis | |
| A421 | Abdominal actinomycosis | |
| A422 | Cervicofacial actinomycosis | |
| B479 | Mycetoma, unspecified | |
| A4281 | Actinomycotic meningitis | |
| A4282 | Actinomycotic encephalitis | |
| A4289 | Other forms of actinomycosis | |
| A438 | Other forms of nocardiosis | |
| A429 | Actinomycosis, unspecified | |
| A439 | Nocardiosis, unspecified | |
| B471 | Actinomycetoma | |
| A480 | Gas gangrene | |
| A5009 | Other early congenital syphilis, symptomatic | |
| A5277 | Syphilis of bone and joint | |
| B360 | Pityriasis versicolor | |
| B361 | Tinea nigra | |
| B362 | White piedra | |
| B363 | Black piedra | |
| B368 | Other specified superficial mycoses | |
| B369 | Superficial mycosis, unspecified | |
| B370 | Candidal stomatitis | |
| B3783 | Candidal cheilitis | |
| B373 | Candidiasis of vulva and vagina | |
| B3742 | Candidal balanitis | |
| B3749 | Other urogenital candidiasis | |
| B372 | Candidiasis of skin and nail | |
| B371 | Pulmonary candidiasis | |
| B377 | Candidal sepsis | |
| B376 | Candidal endocarditis | |
| B3784 | Candidal otitis externa | |
| B375 | Candidal otitis externa | |
| B3781 | Candidal esophagitis |
|
| B3782 | Candidal enteritis | |
| B3789 | Other sites of candidiasis | |
| B379 | Candidiasis, unspecified | |
| B488 | Other specified mycoses |
|
| B49 | Unspecified mycosis | |
| D62 | Acute posthemorrhagic anemia | |
| G936 | Cerebral edema | |
| H05029 | Osteomyelitis of unspecified orbit | |
| H9042 | Sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral, left ear, with unrestricted hearing on the contralateral side | |
| H9122 | Sudden idiopathic hearing loss, left ear | |
| M272 | Inflammatory conditions of jaws | |
| M278 | Other specified diseases of jaws | |
| K122 | Cellulitis and abscess of mouth | |
| L03211 | Cellulitis of face | |
| L03212 | Acute lymphangitis of face | |
| L03221 | Cellulitis of neck | |
| L03222 | Acute lymphangitis of neck | |
| L03319 | Cellulitis of trunk, unspecified | |
| L03329 | Acute lymphangitis of trunk, unspecified |
|
| L03119 | Cellulitis of unspecified part of limb | |
| L03129 | Acute lymphangitis of unspecified part of limb | |
| L03119 | Cellulitis of unspecified part of limb | |
| L03129 | Acute lymphangitis of unspecified part of limb |
|
| L03317 | Cellulitis of buttock | |
| L03811 | Cellulitis of head [any part, except face] | |
| L03818 | Cellulitis of other sites |
|
| L03891 | Acute lymphangitis of head [any part, except face] | |
| L03898 | Acute lymphangitis of other sites | |
| L0390 | Cellulitis, unspecified | |
| L0391 | Acute lymphangitis, unspecified |
|
| L080 | Pyoderma | |
| L88 | Pyoderma gangrenosum | |
| L0889 | Other specified local infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | |
| L980 | Pyogenic granuloma | |
| E832 | Disorders of zinc metabolism | |
| L089 | Local infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, unspecified | |
| L942 | Calcinosis cutis | |
| L988 | Other specified disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | |
| M8610 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified site | |
| M8620 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified site |
|
| M86119 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified shoulder | |
| M86219 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified shoulder | |
| M86129 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified humerus | |
| M86229 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified humerus | |
| M86139 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified radius and ulna | |
| M86239 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified radius and ulna |
|
| M86149 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified hand | |
| M86249 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified hand | |
| M86159 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified femur |
|
| M86259 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified femur | |
| M86169 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified tibia and fibula | |
| M86269 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified tibia and fibula |
|
| M86179 | Other acute osteomyelitis, unspecified ankle and foot | |
| M86279 | Subacute osteomyelitis, unspecified ankle and foot | |
| M8618 | Other acute osteomyelitis, other site |
|
| M8628 | Subacute osteomyelitis, other site | |
| M8619 | Other acute osteomyelitis, multiple sites | |
| M8629 | Subacute osteomyelitis, multiple sites |
|
| M8660 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified site | |
| M86619 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified shoulder | |
| M86629 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified humerus |
|
| M86639 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified radius and ulna | |
| M86642 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, left hand | |
| M86659 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified thigh | |
| M86669 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified tibia and fibula |
|
| M86679 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, unspecified ankle and foot | |
| M8668 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, other site | |
| M8669 | Other chronic osteomyelitis, multiple sites |
|
| M869 | Osteomyelitis, unspecified | |
| M4620 | Osteomyelitis of vertebra, site unspecified | |
| M9080 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified site | |
| M90819 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified shoulder | |
| M90829 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified upper arm |
|
| M90839 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified forearm | |
| M90849 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified hand | |
| M90859 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified thigh | |
| M90869 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified lower leg |
|
| M90879 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified ankle and foot | |
| M9088 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, other site | |
| M9089 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere, multiple sites |
|
| N3040 | Irradiation cystitis without hematuria | |
| P150 | Birth injury to liver | |
| P151 | Birth injury to spleen | |
| P152 | Sternomastoid injury due to birth injury | |
| P153 | Birth injury to eye |
|
| P155 | Birth injury to external genitalia | |
| P158 | Other specified birth injuries | |
| I96 | Gangrene, not elsewhere classified | |
| L599 | Disorder of the skin and subcutaneous tissue related to radiation, unspecified | |
| S070XXA | Crushing injury of face, initial encounter | |
| S078XXA | Crushing injury of other parts of head, initial encounter |
|
| S38001A | Crushing injury of unspecified external genital organs, male, initial encounter | |
| S38002A | Crushing injury of unspecified external genital organs, female, initial encounter | |
| S381XXA | Crushing injury of abdomen, lower back, and pelvis, initial encounter |
|
| S280XXA | Crushed chest, initial encounter | |
| S479XXA | Crushing injury of shoulder and upper arm, unspecified arm, initial encounter | |
| S5780XA | Crushing injury of unspecified forearm, initial encounter | |
| S5700XA | Crushing injury of unspecified elbow, initial encounter |
|
| S6720XA | Crushing injury of unspecified hand, initial encounter | |
| S6730XA | Crushing injury of unspecified wrist, initial encounter | |
| S6700XA | Crushing injury of unspecified thumb, initial encounter |
|
| S6710XA | Crushing injury of unspecified finger(s), initial encounter | |
| S7710XA | Crushing injury of unspecified thigh, initial encounter | |
| S7700XA | Crushing injury of unspecified hip, initial encounter | |
| S8780XA | Crushing injury of unspecified lower le.g., initial encounter | |
| S8700XA | Crushing injury of unspecified knee, initial encounter |
|
| S9780XA | Crushing injury of unspecified foot, initial encounter | |
| S9700XA | Crushing injury of unspecified ankle, initial encounter | |
| S97109A | Crushing injury of unspecified toe(s), initial encounter | |
| S7720XA | Crushing injury of unspecified hip with thigh, initial encounter |
|
| S7720XA | Crushing injury of unspecified hip with thigh, initial encounter | |
| T310 | Burns involving less than 10% of body surface | |
| T320 | Corrosions involving less than 10% of body surface |
|
| T3110 | Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3210 | Corrosions involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion | |
| T3111 | Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns |
|
| T3211 | Corrosions involving 10-19% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3120 | Burns involving 20-29% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3220 | Corrosions involving 20-29% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3121 | Burns involving 20-29% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3221 | Corrosions involving 20-29% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3122 | Burns involving 20-29% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns |
|
| T3222 | Corrosions involving 20-29% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3130 | Burns involving 30-39% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3230 | Corrosions involving 30-39% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3131 | Burns involving 30-39% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3231 | Corrosions involving 30-39% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3132 | Burns involving 30-39% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns |
|
| T3132 | Corrosions involving 30-39% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3133 | Burns involving 30-39% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns | |
| T3233 | Corrosions involving 30-39% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3140 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3240 | Corrosions involving 40-49% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3141 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3241 | Corrosions involving 40-49% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3142 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns |
|
| T3242 | Corrosions involving 40-49% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3143 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns | |
| T3243 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns |
|
| T3144 | Corrosions involving 40-49% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion | |
| T3244 | Burns involving 40-49% of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3150 | Corrosions involving 40-49% of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3250 | Burns involving 50-59% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3151 | Corrosions involving 50-59% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion | |
| T3152 | Burns involving 50-59% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns |
|
| T3252 | Corrosions involving 50-59% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3153 | Burns involving 50-59% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns | |
| T3253 | Corrosions involving 50-59% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3154 | Burns involving 50-59% of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3254 | Corrosions involving 50-59% of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion | |
| T3155 | Burns involving 50-59% of body surface with 50-59% third degree burns |
|
| T3255 | Corrosions involving 50-59% of body surface with 50-59% third degree corrosion | |
| T3160 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3260 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3161 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3261 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3162 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns |
|
| T3262 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3163 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns |
|
| T3263 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion | |
| T3164 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3264 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3165 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 50-59% third degree burns | |
| T3265 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 50-59% third degree corrosion | |
| T3166 | Burns involving 60-69% of body surface with 60-69% third degree burns |
|
| T3266 | Corrosions involving 60-69% of body surface with 60-69% third degree corrosion | |
| T3170 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3270 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3171 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3271 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3172 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns | |
| T3272 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3173 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns |
|
| T3273 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion | |
| T3174 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3274 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3175 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 50-59% third degree burns | |
| T3275 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 50-59% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3176 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 60-69% third degree burns | |
| T3276 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 60-69% third degree corrosion | |
| T3177 | Burns involving 70-79% of body surface with 70-79% third degree burns |
|
| T3277 | Corrosions involving 70-79% of body surface with 70-79% third degree corrosion | |
| T3180 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns | |
| T3280 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3181 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3281 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion | |
| T3182 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns |
|
| T3282 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3183 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns | |
| T3283 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion | |
| T3184 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3284 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion | |
| T3185 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 50-59% third degree burns |
|
| T3285 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 50-59% third degree corrosion | |
| T3186 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 60-69% third degree burns | |
| T3286 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 60-69% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3187 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 70-79% third degree burns | |
| T3287 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 70-79% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3188 | Burns involving 80-89% of body surface with 80-89% third degree burns | |
| T3288 | Corrosions involving 80-89% of body surface with 80-89% third degree corrosion | |
| T3190 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns |
|
| T3290 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree corrosion | |
| T3191 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 10-19% third degree burns | |
| T3291 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 10-19% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3192 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 20-29% third degree burns | |
| T3292 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 20-29% third degree corrosion | |
| T3193 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 30-39% third degree burns |
|
| T3293 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 30-39% third degree corrosion | |
| T3194 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 40-49% third degree burns | |
| T3294 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 40-49% third degree corrosion | |
| T3195 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 50-59% third degree burns |
|
| T3295 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 50-59% third degree corrosion | |
| T3196 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 60-69% third degree burns | |
| T3296 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 60-69% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3197 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 70-79% third degree burns | |
| T3297 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 70-79% third degree corrosion |
|
| T3198 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 80-89% third degree burns | |
| T3298 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 80-89% third degree corrosion | |
| T3199 | Burns involving 90% or more of body surface with 90% or more third degree burns |
|
| T3199 | Corrosions involving 90% or more of body surface with 90% or more third degree corrosion | |
| T790XXA | Air embolism (traumatic), initial encounter | |
| T5801XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter |
|
| T5802XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T5803XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust, assault, initial encounter | |
| T5804XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust, undetermined, initial encounter |
|
| T5811XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from utility gas, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter | |
| T5812XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from utility gas, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T5813XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from utility gas, assault, initial encounter | |
| T5814XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from utility gas, undetermined, initial encounter |
|
| T582X1A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of other domestic fuels, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter | |
| T582X2A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of other domestic fuels, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T582X3A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of other domestic fuels, assault, initial encounter | |
| T582X4A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of other domestic fuels, undetermined, initial encounter |
|
| T588X1A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from other source, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter | |
| T588X2A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from other source, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T588X3A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from other source, assault, initial encounter |
|
| T588X4A | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from other source, undetermined, initial encounter | |
| T5891XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from unspecified source, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter |
|
| T5892XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from unspecified source, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T5893XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from unspecified source, assault, initial encounter | |
| T5894XA | Toxic effect of carbon monoxide from unspecified source, undetermined, initial encounter |
|
| T650X1A | Toxic effect of cyanides, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter | |
| T650X2A | Toxic effect of cyanides, intentional self-harm, initial encounter | |
| T650X3A | Toxic effect of cyanides, assault, initial encounter |
|
| T650X4A | Toxic effect of cyanides, undetermined, initial encounter | |
| T66XXXA | Radiation sickness, unspecified, initial encounter | |
| T703XXA | Caisson disease (decompression sickness), initial encounter | |
| T85693 | Mech compl of artificial skin grft /decellular alloderm (Other mechanical complication of artificial skin graft and decellularized allodermis) | |
| T86820 | Skin graft (allograft) rejection | |
| T86821 | Skin graft (allograft) (autograft) failure |
|
| T86822 | Skin graft (allograft) (autograft) infection |
|
| T86828 | Other complications of skin graft (allograft) (autograft) |
|
| T86829 | Unsp complication of skin graft (allograft) (autograft) (Unspecified complication of skin graft (allograft) (autograft)) |
|
| T8579XA | Infection and inflammatory reaction due to other internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, initial encounter | |
| T8581XA | Embolism due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| T8582XA | Fibrosis due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| T8583XA | Hemorrhage due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| T8584XA | Pain due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter |
|
| T8585XA | Stenosis due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| T8586XA | Thrombosis due to internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| T8589XA | Other specified complication of internal prosthetic devices, implants and grafts, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter | |
| ICD-10-PCS (effective 10/1/15) | ICD-10-PCS codes are only be used for inpatient services. | |
| 5A05121 | Extracorporeal Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Intermittent | |
| 5A05221 | Extracorporeal Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Continuous | |
| Type of Service | Medical | |
| Place of Service | Inpatient |
Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each policy. They may not be all-inclusive.
This medical policy was developed through consideration of peer-reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the relevant medical community, U.S. FDA approval status, nationally accepted standards of medical practice and accepted standards of medical practice in this community, and other nonaffiliated technology evaluation centers, reference to federal regulations, other plan medical policies and accredited national guidelines.
"Current Procedural Terminology © American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved"
History From 2014 Forward
| 03/01/2024 | Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references. |
| 03/01/2023 | Annual review, no change to policy intent Updating guidelines for clarity, |
| 03/01/2022 |
Annual review. No change to policy intent, updating rationale and references. |
| 03/05/2021 |
Interim review amending verbiage related to hearing loss, updating coding. |
| 03/01/2021 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent Updating description, regulatory status, rationale and references. |
| 10/28/2020 |
Interim review adding medical necessity criteria: • Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) -- SSHL greater than 30 dB affecting greater than 3 consecutive frequencies of pure-tone thresholds when member has failed oral and intra-tympanic steroids, and HBOT is initiated within 3 months after onset |
| 04/13/2020 |
Updated coding section. Added ICD9 CODE 595.82 and ICD10 CODE N3040. No other changes made. |
| 03/02/2020 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references. |
| 12/10/2019 |
Updated Coding Section. Added HCPCS code G0277. No other changes made. |
| 03/11/2019 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating description, rationale and references. |
| 03/28/2018 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating background, regulatory status, guidelines, rationale and references. |
| 03/01/2017 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating background, description, rationale and references. |
| 05/09/2016 |
Interim review. Adding "compromised skin grafts or flaps" to the medically necessary list of conditions. No other change to policy. |
| 03/02/2016 |
Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updated investigational list to include fibromyalgia nad mental illness (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder or depression), no other changes to policy intent. Updating background, description, rationale and references. |
| 09/24/2015 |
Added ICD-10 coding to policy. |
| 3/11/2015 |
Annual review, updating title from Hyperbaric Oxygen Pressurization (HBO2) to Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, no change to policy intent. Updated regulatory stauts, rationale and references. Added coding. |
| 03/10/2014 |
Updated investigational policy verbiage to include osteonecrosis of the jaw, motordysfunction associated wiht stroke, herpes zoster and vascular dementia as investigational. Updated rationale and references. |