Temporal Bone, Mastoid, Orbits, Sella, Internal Auditory Canal CT - CAM 745
GENERAL INFORMATION
- It is an expectation that all patients receive care/services from a licensed clinician. All appropriate supporting documentation, including recent pertinent office visit notes, laboratory data, and results of any special testing must be provided. If applicable: All prior relevant imaging results and the reason that alternative imaging cannot be performed must be included in the documentation submitted.
- Where a specific clinical indication is not directly addressed in this guideline, medical necessity determination will be made based on widely accepted standard of care criteria. These criteria are supported by evidence-based or peer-reviewed sources such as medical literature, societal guidelines and state/national recommendations.
Policy
INDICATIONS FOR ORBIT CT
Note: CT is preferred for visualizing bony detail and calcifications. MRI is superior for the evaluation of the visual pathways, globe, and soft tissues.1, 2
- Abnormal external or direct eye exam1:
- Exophthalmos (proptosis) or enophthalmos o Ophthalmoplegia with concern for orbital pathology3
- Unilateral optic disk swelling if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed4-6
- Documented visual defect if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed7-10
- Unilateral or with abnormal optic disc(s) (i.e., optic disc blurring, edema, or pallor); AND
- Not explained by an underlying diagnosis, glaucoma, or macular degeneration
- Optic Neuritis if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed
- If atypical presentation (bilateral, absence of pain, optic nerve hemorrhages, severe visual impairment, lack of response to steroids, poor recovery or recurrence)11-14
- If needed to confirm optic neuritis and rule out compressive lesions
- Orbital trauma
- Physical findings of direct eye injury
- Suspected orbital trauma with indeterminate x-ray
- For further evaluation of a fracture seen on x-ray for treatment or surgical planning
- Orbital or ocular mass/tumor, suspected, or known1, 7
- Clinical suspicion of orbital infection15, 16
- Clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis17, 18
- Direct visualization of bony deformity OR
- Abnormal x-rays
- Clinical suspicion of Orbital Inflammatory Disease (e.g., eye pain and restricted eye movement with suspected orbital pseudotumor) if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed19
- Congenital orbital anomalies20
- Complex strabismus (with ophthalmoplegia or ophthalmoparesis) to aid in diagnosis, treatment and/or surgical planning21-23
Combination Studies with Orbit CT
- Brain CT/Orbit CT if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed
- Optic neuropathy or unilateral optic disk swelling of unclear etiology to distinguish between a compressive lesion of the optic nerve, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic or non-arteritic), central retinal vein occlusion, or optic nerve infiltrative disorders24
- Bilateral optic disk swelling (papilledema) with vision loss5
- Approved indications as noted above and being performed in high-risk populations and will need anesthesia for the procedure and there is a suspicion of concurrent intracranial pathology25
INDICATIONS FOR SELLA CT26
When MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed27, 28
- For further evaluation of known sellar and parasellar masses
- Suspected pituitary gland disorder29 based on any of the following:
- Documented visual field defect suggesting compression of the optic chiasm; OR
- Laboratory findings suggesting pituitary dysfunction30; OR
- Pituitary apoplexy with sudden onset of neurological and hormonal symptoms; OR
- Other imaging suggesting sella (pituitary) mass
INDICATIONS FOR TEMPORAL/MASTOID/INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL CT
Hearing loss (documented on audiogram)31, 32
- Asymmetric sensorineural when MRI is contraindicated33, 34
- Conductive or mixed35
- Congenital35
- Cochlear implant evaluation36-39
Note: For congenital/childhood sensorineural hearing loss suspected to be due to a structural abnormality, CT is the preferred imaging modality for the osseous structures and malformations of the inner ear. MRI is used for evaluating CNVIII, the brain parenchyma, or the membranous labyrinth.
Tinnitus40-42
- Pulsatile tinnitus with concern for osseous pathology of the temporal bone
- Unilateral non-pulsatile tinnitus and MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed
Ear Infection
- Clinical suspicion of acute mastoiditis as a complication of acute otitis media43-46
- Systemic illness or toxic appearance
- Signs of extracranial complications (e.g., postauricular swelling/erythema, auricular protrusion, retro-orbital pain, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, nystagmus)
- Not responding to treatment
Note: MRI is also indicated if there are signs of intracranial complications (e.g., meningeal signs, cranial nerve deficits, focal neurological findings, altered mental status). This is most common in the pediatric population
- Chronic Otitis Media (with or without cholesteatoma on exam)45, 47
- Failed treatment for acute otitis media
Cholesteatoma48, 49
CSF Otorrhea50, 51
- When looking to characterize a bony defect (for intermittent leaks and complex cases consider CT/MR/Nuclear Cisternography). There should be a high suspicion or confirmatory CSF fluid laboratory testing (Beta-2 transferrin assay)
Temporal Bone Fracture52-54
- Suspected based on mechanism of injury OR
- Indeterminate findings on initial imaging OR
- For further evaluation of a known fracture for treatment or surgical planning
Vascular Indications55, 56
- Suspected or known with need for further evaluation
- Dehiscence of the jugular bulb or carotid canal OR
- Other vascular anomalies of the temporal bone (i.e., aberrant internal carotid artery, high jugular bulb, persistent stapedial artery, aberrant petrosal sinus)
Peripheral vertigo32, 57, 58
- Based on clinical exam (Head-Impulse with saccade, Spontaneous unidirectional horizontal nystagmus, Dix-Hallpike maneuver); AND
- Persistent symptoms after a trial of medication and four weeks of vestibular therapy (e.g., Epley’s maneuvers)
Bell’s Palsy/hemifacial spasm if MRI is contraindicated or cannot be performed (for evaluation of the extracranial nerve course)
- If atypical signs, slow resolution beyond three weeks, no improvement at four months, or facial twitching/spasms prior to onset59
OTHER INDICATIONS FOR TEMPORAL BONE, MASTOID, ORBIT, SELLA, INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL CT
Pre-operative/procedural evaluation
- Pre-operative evaluation for a planned surgery or procedure
Post- operative/procedural evaluation
- When imaging, physical, or laboratory findings indicate surgical or procedural complications
- A follow-up study may be needed to help evaluate a patient’s progress after treatment, procedure, intervention, or surgery. Documentation requires a medical reason that clearly indicates why additional imaging is needed for the type and area(s) requested.
Further evaluation of indeterminate findings on prior imaging (unless follow up is otherwise specified within the guideline):
- For initial evaluation of an inconclusive finding on a prior imaging report that requires further clarification.
- One follow-up exam of a prior indeterminate MR/CT finding to ensure no suspicious interval change has occurred. (No further surveillance unless specified as highly suspicious or change was found on last follow-up exam)
Rationale
Computed tomography’s use of thin sections with multi-planar reconstruction (e.g., axial, coronal, and sagittal planes), along with its three-dimensional rendering, permits thorough diagnosis and management of ocular and orbital disorders. Brain CT is often ordered along with CT of the orbit for head injury with orbital trauma. MRI Orbits is preferred over CT Orbits except in the case of orbital trauma, infection, or bone abnormalities.
Temporal bone, mastoid, and internal auditory canal computed tomography (CT) is a unique study performed for problems, such as conductive hearing loss, chronic otitis media, mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, congenital hearing loss and cochlear implants. It is a modality of choice because it provides 3D positional information and offers a high degree of anatomic detail. It is rarely used for evaluation of VIIth or VIIIth nerve tumors.
References
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- Passi N, Degnan AJ, Levy LM. MR imaging of papilledema and visual pathways: effects of increased intracranial pressure and pathophysiologic mechanisms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. May 2013;34(5):919-24. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3022
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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM, Jr., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med. Feb 27 1992;326(9):581-8. doi:10.1056/nejm199202273260901
Coding Section
Code | Number | Description |
CPT | 70480 |
Computed tomography, orbit, sella, or posterior fossa or outer, middle, or inner ear; without contrast material
|
70481 | Computed tomography, orbit, sella, or posterior fossa or outer, middle, or inner ear; with contrast material(s) | |
70482 | Computed tomography, orbit, sella, or posterior fossa or outer, middle, or inner ear; without contrast material, followed by contrast material(s) and further sections |
Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each Policy. They may not be all-inclusive.
This medical policy was developed through consideration of peer-reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the relevant medical community, U.S. FDA approval status, nationally accepted standards of medical practice and accepted standards of medical practice in this community, and other non-affiliated technology evaluation centers, reference to federal regulations, other plan medical policies, and accredited national guidelines.
"Current Procedural Terminology © American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved"
History From 2019 Forward
12/01/2023 | Annual review, entire policy updated for consistency. Title updated to include sella and internal auditory canal. Added note regarding hearing loss, statement regarding indeterminate results on prior imaging. |
12/21/2022 | Annual review, policy updated for clarity and specificity. |
12/08/2021 |
Annual review, adding policy verbiage related to complex strabismus, temporal bone fracture, optic neuritis, visual defect, osteomyelitis, optic neuropathy and csf otorrhea. Also updating description and references. |
11/10/2020 |
Annual review, clarifying policy verbiage and updating references and description. |
12/03/2019 |
New Policy |